English-Thai: NECTEC's Lexitron-2 Dictionary [with local updates] NECTEC Lexitron Dictionary EN-TH
(phrv) เป็นศิษย์ของ
English-Thai: HOPE Dictionary [with local updates] Hope Dictionary
n. อยู่ในภวังค์, หมกมุ่นอยู่กับการดูหนังสืออย่างมาก
n. การศึกษาเรื่องราวทีละราย, ประวัติคนไข้
(สทัด'ดี) n. การศึกษา, การเรียน, การค้นคว้า, การดูหนังสือ, การพิเคราะห์พิจารณา, การสืบสวนสอบสวน, การวิจัย, สิ่งที่ศึกษา, สิ่งที่ค้นคว้า, รายงานการค้นคว้า, สาขาวิชา, ความมานะบากบั่น, การทดลองวาดหรือประพันธ์, ห้องค้นคว้า, เพลงฝึกซ้อม, สิ่งที่ใช้ฝึกฝนการเรียน. vi. ศึกษา
(อัน'เดอะสทัด'ดี) vt., vi. ศึกษาบททดแทน, ศึกษาการแสดงแทน, ฝึกเข้าหน้าที่แทน n. ตัวสำรอง, Syn. underling
อังกฤษ-ไทย: คลังศัพท์ไทย โดย สวทช. คลังศัพท์ไทย (สวทช.)
การศึกษาภาวะเศรษฐกิจในอนาคต [เศรษฐศาสตร์]
การพิจารณาศึกษาก่อนการลงทุน [เศรษฐศาสตร์]
การฝึกหัดครู [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาในต่างประเทศ [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาการเคลื่อนไหว [TU Subject Heading]
ธรรมชาติศึกษา [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (การศึกษาต่อเนื่อง) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (ประถมศึกษา) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (บัณฑิตศึกษา) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (อุดมศึกษา) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (การฝึกงาน) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (ก่อนวัยเรียน) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (พื้นฐาน) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน (มัธยมศึกษา) [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาและการสอน [TU Subject Heading]
คู่มือเตรียมสอบ [TU Subject Heading]
ทักษะทางการศึกษา [TU Subject Heading]
การนิเทศการศึกษา [TU Subject Heading]
การศึกษาเวลา [TU Subject Heading]
ศูนย์ศึกษาเอเปค มีการจัดตั้งศูนย์ศึกษาเอเปคในแต่ละประเทศสมาชิก 15 ประเทศ โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อส่งเสริมความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจระดับภูมิภาคด้วยการ ศึกษา การพัฒนาฝีมือแรงงาน และอำนวยความสะดวกในการแลกเปลี่ยนความรู้และวัฒนธรรม ตลอดจนส่งเสริมความเข้าใจในความแตกต่างระหว่างสมาชิกเอเปคในภูมิภาค ทั้งนี้ ศูนย์ศึกษาเอเปคได้มีบทบาทสำคัญในกิจกรรมต่าง ๆ ของประเทศสมาชิก เช่น กิจกรรมการประเมินผลการดำเนินความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจและวิชาการของเอเปค เป็นต้น [การทูต]
กลุ่มศึกษาเอเชียตะวันออก [การทูต]
โครงการจัดทำแผนความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจและแผน ปฏิบัติการระหว่างไทย-กัมพูชา มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อกำหนดที่ที่มีศักยภาพในการพัฒนา ตลอดจนสาขาทางเศรษฐกิจที่ควรมีความร่วมมือต่อกันเพื่อกระตุ้นให้เกิดความ ร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจระหว่างไทย-กัมพูชาในระยะสั้น ระยะปานกลางและระยะยาว รวม 5 สาขา ได้แก่ โครงสร้างทางกายภาพ (ถนนและไฟฟ้า) อุตสาหกรรมการเกษตรและประมง อุตสาหกรรมเบา การพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยว และการเชื่อมโยงทางการค้า โดยจะส่งเสริมให้ภาคเอกชนเข้ามามีบทบาทและลงทุนในกิจกรรมทางเศรษฐกิจดัง กล่าว ทั้งนี้ โครงการและกิจกรรมต่าง ๆ จะใช้ระยะเวลาดำเนินการ 15 ปี เริ่ม ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2545 เป็นต้นไป [การทูต]
แนวความคิดกรณีศึกษา [การแพทย์]
วิธีศึกษาชีวประวัติของบุคคล [การแพทย์]
สมาคมการศึกษาเรื่องเด็กแห่งประเทศสหรัฐฯ [การแพทย์]
การศึกษาค่าวิเคราะห์สารในผู้ป่วย [การแพทย์]
การศึกษาปัญหาอนามัยชุมชน [การแพทย์]
ชุมชนศึกษา [การแพทย์]
การตรวจหามะเร็งกระเพาะอาหารด้วยแบเรี่ยม [การแพทย์]
ศึกษากลุ่มควบคุม [การแพทย์]
การตรวจลำไส้ใหญ่ทั้งหมด [การแพทย์]
การหาสาเหตุของโรค [การแพทย์]
วิธีพิจารณาศึกษาในสนาม [การแพทย์]
การศึกษาทางปฎิกิริยาเรืองแสง [การแพทย์]
feasibility study, การศึกษาความเหมาะสม [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
Pre-feasibility study, การศึกษาความเหมาะสมเบื้องต้น [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
reconnaissance study, การศึกษาโครงการเบื้องต้น [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
preliminary study, การศึกษาแนวทางพัฒนาลุ่มน้ำ [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
comprehensive study, การศึกษาพัฒนาลุ่มน้ำ [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
desk study, การศึกษาพัฒนาลุ่มน้ำเบื้องต้น [เทคนิคด้านการชลประทานและการระบายน้ำ]
การศึกษามาร์กเกอร์ทางอิมมูน [การแพทย์]
English-Thai: Longdo Dictionary (UNAPPROVED version -- use with care ) Longdo Unapproved EN-TH **ระวัง คำแปลอาจมีข้อผิดพลาด**
(n, vi, vt, modal, ver) Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study Isaac G. Capeluto, , A. Yezioro and E. Shaviv Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel Received 11 December 2001; revised 13 February 2002; accepted 21 February 2002.; Available online 4 April 2002. Abstract We present a case study of a design of a new business district in Tel Aviv city. In this work climatic aspects were taken into consideration in the very early design stages. For that purpose, two models SustArc (Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997, p. 148) and FLUENT 5.0.2 (Fluent's User's Guide, Fluent Inc., NH, USA, 1999) were applied in order to achieve solar and wind rights. The new business district was designed as a high-density urban area and is located near an old low-rise residential quarter. SustArc was used as a design tool to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build without violating the solar rights of existing residential neighborhood, the main avenues and the pedestrian sidewalks. FLUENT, on the other hand, was implemented as an evaluative tool, in a trial and error method, until a design solution could be achieved, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. The paper presents the process of sun and wind controlled planning, as well as the recommendations. Author Keywords: Solar rights; Wind rights; Urban design; Design tools Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Sun, winds and urban design 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district 4. Planning control for sun access 5. Planning control for wind access and protection 6. Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References 1. Introduction During the conceptual design phase of urban districts, the designer deals with different geometrical characteristics related to the building's height and width, in relation to the open spaces and the pedestrian sidewalks. New buildings may create a different microclimate, like changing the wind regime and shading of existing neighborhoods, as well as in the new district. To protect solar rights, as well as wind rights, is a complex task. Moreover, tolerable winds should be achieved along the pedestrian sidewalks. The determination of a preferable design solution becomes specially complicated due to mutual influences. On the other hand, ignoring the solar rights at the stage of the preparation of the master plan may cause discomfort conditions around the buildings beyond repair. Different design tools for solar insolation conscious design were developed. We can classify these tools into generation tools and evaluation tools. The generative design tools aid to define the proper geometry. Some examples are [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ] for determining solar rights. These tools generate nomograms that present all possible solutions to a given problem. These nomograms are called “Solar Envelopes”. The evaluation tools, on the other hand, analyze the performance of a given design. Some examples are Kroner and Abrey [ 7 ], Yezioro and Shaviv [ 8 and 9 ] and Capeluto and Shaviv [ 5 ] for evaluating solar rights for buildings and in open spaces among them. Heliodons are also used to evaluate the proposed design, namely a scaled down 3D physical model examined in the laboratory. For microclimate and wind rights conscious design, there are today only evaluative design tools. These are either wind tunnel studies, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tools. The CFD models are very powerful, require heavy calculations, but provide detailed results that can show clearly the defects in suggested designs. As a result, new design alternatives may be thought of and re-evaluated, until a good and satisfactory design is achieved. In the design of the new business district in Tel Aviv (Fig. 1), we have used SustArc, as the design tool to evaluate the proposed design (Fig. 2). We have also used SustArc to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build while keeping the solar rights of the existing neighborhood (Fig. 5). We used FLUENT to evaluate the existing situation, the proposed solution and the mitigation design, in which the wind rights to the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds along the pedestrian sidewalks ( Fig. 8 and Fig. 9). The paper presents the design process along with the different design tools implemented to create the solutions and to simulate and evaluate the proposed design. Using these tools we could develop rules and design guidelines that ensure proper insolation and ventilation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as creating good microclimatic conditions inside the new business district. Display Full Size version of this image (63K) Fig. 1. An aerial view of the business district. Display Full Size version of this image (24K) Fig. 2. Sun-view presenting the shading of the main green avenue (the area adjacent to the tall buildings from the right) and the residential neighborhood (the long square on the right). 2. Sun, winds and urban design There are many places in which urban design take into consideration solar rights and winds protection. Let us mention a few: New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and San Francisco, in the USA, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, London, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto, in Canada [ 10 ]. Many tall buildings were built during the past in all of the above cities. These tall buildings caused different problems, like shading, loss of daylight, and creation of strong winds around the tall buildings on one hand, and at the same time avoid good ventilation by creating wind stagnation at some parts around them. From the accumulating experience, the city leaders and designers recognized the need to control the changes in the microclimatic conditions created by a proposed design. In many cities, large projects, including tall buildings, require wind studies, as well as shading evaluation. Nevertheless, in most places, the planning control for wind protection and solar insolation are not mandatory and are not imposed by standards, but rather open to negotiations with the developers. Defining urban standards can be carried on along three different approaches [ 10 ]: Prescriptive and descriptive standards, in which the exact physical solution is given. For example, the specific maximum height of buildings in the inner city neighborhood of San Francisco is dictated along with the angle of the slope of a plan that cut the upper floors further from the street. Performance standards, in which the expected performance of the design is given. For example, Boston zoning ordinance dictates for some downtown areas, that “No net increase in shadow is permitted between 8 a.m. and 2.30 p.m.”. In San Francisco for example a performance standard is set for the maximum allowed wind velocity so that “a building form which causes wind speeds to exceed 11 miles/h in areas where people walk and 7 miles/h in areas where people sit, should not be used”. Discretionary review, in which a comprehensive study is required as part of the environmental impact study (EIS) process. For example, in New York, sponsors of large development projects are required to conduct wind studies. The expected wind velocities in new or existing open spaces shall not exceed the mean wind velocity in existing comparable open spaces. There are not yet urban standards and legislation in Israel about how much a building can shade neighboring buildings, open spaces, or what is the maximum allowed wind speed. As for solar rights, we were contracted to develop legislation [ 11 ] and we hope that our future recommendations will be imposed. However, in many cities, the Israeli ministry of the environment demands from every developer, who intends to build high-rise buildings, a discretionary review for winds and shading, as part of the EIS. As there are not yet urban standards, the results of the study are not always imposed on the project. The shading study is usually an evaluation process, carried by different computer codes, while the wind assessment is in most cases a wind tunnel study. In the following chapter we shall demonstrate the approach to deal with planning control for sun access and wind access and protection [ 12 ] that was carried out in the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district A new business district is being planned in the heart of Tel Aviv on an area of 250, 000 m2. The urban density was changed from 200% to 450%. As a result, the developers wish to build in the area many high-rise buildings 40 stories and above. Existing low-rise residential buildings that surround this new business district will be affected by the high-rise buildings (see Fig. 1). The new master plan of this district was not approved yet, and the residents of neighboring communities can submit objections to the new plan, which they did. The designers of the Tel Aviv City planning department produced a 3D model of the site, in which they assumed that all developers would build the maximum allowed (a likely outcome). The model allows the visualization of the spatial drawbacks in the preliminary design. In particular, it was found that the new buildings create a high wall that would deprive the sun and winds (coming mainly from west) from the existing buildings (Fig. 2). Therefore, the designers of Tel Aviv City planning department decided to adopt certain rules for the design of this new business district so as to ensure sun and winds in the existing residential neighborhood. The Tel Aviv climate is hot and humid, and the sea breeze helps in summer to bring about thermal comfort in open spaces, as well as indoors. Therefore, the proposed high-rise buildings should not block the sea breeze. Moreover, tall buildings can create strong winds at the foot of the buildings. This fact complicates the situation, as near tall buildings the wind velocity may change very fast from extremely strong wind to no breeze at all. The sun in Tel Aviv is undesirable in summer but it can cause any open space and parks to be a very pleasant and enjoyable place to stay in winter. Therefore, permanent shading, even if needed in summer, compromises winter sun. A dynamic solution, like shading open spaces and sidewalks in summer by deciduous trees that supply winter insolation, is preferred. In general, at least one pedestrian sidewalk should be exposed to winter sun to provide thermal comfort in winter. The other sidewalk, which is shaded by the building in winter, can be protected from the summer sun by permanent shading devices, or by evergreen trees. On top of it, in Israel there is a requirement by law, for every residential unit, to have solar panels for hot water. It is mandatory, therefore, that these panels will be exposed to the sun the year around. 4. Planning control for sun access “Solar Rights Envelope” defines the space of all possible solutions for the determination of a design that does not violate the solar rights of existing buildings and open spaces during a given period of the year (See Fig. 3). The model SustArc creates such an envelope [ 5 and 6 ]. Display Full Size version of this image (18K) Fig. 3. The solar rights envelope. In the design of the new business district, the use of solar envelopes was recommended to protect the solar rights. The requirement was to achieve solar access during the entire winter, between 8 a.m. and 3.00 p.m., in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the main avenue that is the only existing green open area. The solar envelope that fulfills the above requirement, as well as the obtained shape of the buildings under this envelope, are presented in Fig. 4. Display Full Size version of this image (11K) Fig. 4. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the main green open space. Although the requirements were only to ensure solar access to the residential neighborhood, we added the demand that the main two avenues from west to east will be exposed to the sun during the same period. This is in order to ensure that the morning and afternoon walk from the railway station to work, is in the sun (see Fig. 6). On top of it, we required that the main inner street parallel to the main green avenue would have solar access during lunchtime from 12.00 to 13.00. These requirements will allow the people to enjoy walking in the sun to the two avenues (A and B in Fig. 6) that lead them to the main green avenue, to have lunch in the garden, or in the planned restaurants along the green avenue. Fig. 5 presents the solar envelope that was accepted as design guidelines for the relocation or reshaping of the tall buildings in the business district. All buildings higher than this envelope (these are the buildings that can be seen above the net of the envelope) must be displaced to another location, or should be reshaped (see Fig. 6). This is a descriptive approach, in which all possible consistent solutions are given in advance. However, we mixed the descriptive approach with the performance one, by allowing some exceptions, as long as the shading caused by these buildings is not above a given standard. But, till such standard will exist, a discretionary review approach might be necessary. Display Full Size version of this image (36K) Fig. 5. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Display Full Size version of this image (22K) Fig. 6. The maximum allowed floors for each building, keeping solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Based on these design guidelines a new scheme was suggested by the city planners, that follows the solar envelope (see Fig. 7). Until now, few tall buildings have already been relocated and reshaped, so that they will not stick out from the given solar envelope. Display Full Size version of this image (33K) Fig. 7. Design guidelines on building mass as proposed by the city planners. View from south–east. 5. Planning control for wind access and protection Contrary to other cities, where the requirements were only to protect from high wind velocity around tall buildings, the demand in our case was to ensure good ventilation to the residential neighborhood located east to the business center. The situation today is, that in the business district, most of the buildings are seven floors high and are in a very bad physical condition. Therefore, the majority of the buildings should be demolished and replaced by new ones. The only exception is the first row of buildings near the freeway that are seven floors and new. Today, one can feel in the neighboring residential quarter the good breeze coming from the west. The proposed new tall buildings, thirty floors and above, may block the breeze. As a result, the residents of this quarter objected to the new design on the ground of wind rights. The question that was raised, therefore, was what should be the ventilation corridors inside the business district tissue, so that good natural ventilation will remain in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the new business district. This fact complicated the situation, as in many design alternatives the very solution for ensuring the breeze in the residential quarter, may cause excessive winds in the business district (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). There are not yet design tools that can create the envelope of all possible solutions that satisfy wind requirements, or wind protection. Therefore, performance approach and evaluation technique were applied by using a CFD simulation model FLUENT 5.0.2 [ 13 ]. We required the following: wind velocity in the main avenues and streets should be in summer at least 2 m/s in walking areas, and 1 m/s in sitting areas. In winter, wind velocity in the main green avenue should not be higher than 5 m/s in walking areas and 3.5 m/s in sitting areas. In other streets, where people move fast, it can reach up to 9 m/s . In the residential neighborhood, the breeze should be similar to what exists today. FLUENT is a very powerful tool. It requires heavy calculations, but gives detailed results that can show the wind pattern in any plan or cross-section (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). We used FLUENT with the k– turbulence model, to evaluate the existing situation. We compared it with the proposed design (Fig. 9) and with the design based on the solar envelope ( Fig. 10). Many different design alternatives were proposed and evaluated, until a design solution was found, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood are preserved while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. As the buildings are not yet designed, and for the master plan only general information about the mass of the buildings is required, we assumed simple shapes, and conducted parametric evaluation, in order to find the influence of each design option on the wind pattern. Also, as the simulations are CPU time intensive, we shorten the evaluation procedure by presenting in the same plan different widths for the ventilation corridors, as well as different widths for the north–south streets. In this way we could learn from the same run, what is the preferred width of the ventilation corridors. Fig. 8 presents the standard meteorological wind measurements on site, 10 m above the ground. From this figure one learns that the desired winds in the hot seasons come mainly from the west and northwest and in general the wind velocity is about 3.5 m/s. To ensure wind rights, we carried simulations for these two directions. In all simulations we assumed a wind profile appropriate for the urban roughness and wind velocity of 3.5 m/s at the entrance. Display Full Size version of this image (21K) Fig. 8. The wind rose as measured in site. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show few of the simulations results and only for winds coming from the west. In general, the wind coming from northwest gave better results than what is shown here. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 top left present the existing situation; i.e. all buildings are seven floors high. The widths of the north–south streets are 16 and 36 m according to the existing situation and widths of the east–west streets are 36, 24 and 12 m. The latter are the ventilation corridors that should allow the sea breeze to reach the residential neighborhood. According to the wind pattern obtained, we required that the north–south streets should be at least 36 m in order not to have wind stagnation in the street. The ventilation corridors should be at least 24 m, preferable 36 m. For the 12 m wide ventilation corridor, the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood is too low, even in the existing situation of seven floors high buildings. Therefore, we defined the wind pattern examined area as the area east to the 24 and 36 m ventilation corridors only. Based on these recommendations ventilation corridors were designed and required by the city planners (see Fig. 11). Display Full Size version of this image (80K) Fig. 9. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design. Bottom—parametric analysis. Display Full Size version of this image (79K) Fig. 10. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design according to the Solar envelope section. Bottom left—parametric analysis: Seven floors buildings along the pathway. Bottom right—parametric analysis: Adding trees at the entrance of the ventilation corridor. Display Full Size version of this image (16K) Fig. 11. Ventilation corridors as requested by the city planners. Fig. 9 presents the simulation results for the proposed design (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that cutting the building in 45ฐ at the exit of the business district, improves the ventilation in both the main green avenue and the residential neighborhood (bottom left). On the other hand, changing the plan of the middle tower from square to round deteriorates the microclimate conditions. Fig. 10 presents the simulation results for the proposed design according to the solar envelope section (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that the design according the solar envelope preserves also the wind rights. However, the wind velocity along the east–west pathway is too high, and should be reduced. Adding seven floors high buildings along the 36 m wide pathway, reduces the high velocity wind speed in this pathway, but also reduces a little bit the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood. Adding trees at the entrance to the ventilation corridors reduces the wind velocity inside the ventilation corridors, and also in the residential neighborhood. However, the wind pattern obtained is quite satisfactory (bottom right). 6. Summary and conclusions This work presents a case study in which, for the first time, the solar rights envelope was used in Israel for the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv, keeping solar rights in a high-density urban area. Using this solar envelope we could determine the maximum allowed heights of the buildings that ensure proper insolation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the new business district and the main green avenue. The requirement to build under the solar envelope is a prescriptive/descriptive approach. To protect both, the solar and wind rights, the solar envelope was created first, this envelope was then evaluated using a CFD technique to ensure the wind rights and tolerable winds inside the business district. From the many simulations performed (only few of them shown here) we found that it is not easy to use the prescriptive/descriptive approach, as was done in the solar rights requirement. Only for the determination of the geometry of the ventilation corridors to ensure wind rights, such an approach can be applied. However, for the wind control, a standard performance approach should be applied. This is because the winds pattern depends on the exact geometry of all buildings around. Changing the geometry of one building can influence the wind pattern around other buildings. Therefore, performance standards should be established, and the wind pattern around the building should be evaluated against these standards, by certified tools and users. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the fund for promotion of research at the Technion. Research Number 022.732, and 022.751. References 1. F. Arumi, Computer-aided energy design for buildings. In: D. Watson, Editor, Energy conservation through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979). 2. Shaviv E. Design tools for solar rights and sun-shades determination. Proceedings of the Ninth National Passive Solar Conference ASES, Boulder, CO, 1984. p. 14–9. 3. Wright R, Hoinkes R. Computational issues in urban design: developing a strategy for solar impact assessment. In: Flemming, Wyk, editors. CAAD futures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993. 4. Schiler M, Ueng-Fang P. Solvelope: an interactive computer program for defining and drawing solar envelopes. 18th National Passive Solar Conference-ASES, Washington, DC, 1993. 5. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997. p. 148–60. 6. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban fabric with solar rights consideration. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. p. 1341–7. 7. Kroner WM, Abrey D. From the sun's point of view. Proceedings of the 10th National Passive Solar Conference, Ralleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1985. 8. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. A Design tool for analyzing mutual shading between buildings, Solar energy, Vol. 52, No. 1. USA: Pergamon Press, 1994. p. 27–37. 9. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. Shading: analyzing mutual shading among buildings. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. 10. Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R. Sun, wind, and pedestrian comfort. A study of Toronto's central area. Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California at Berkeley and Center for Landscape Architecture Research, University of Toronto. The Department of Planning and Development, City of Toronto, 1991. 11. Shaviv E, Capeluto IG, Yezioro A. Solar rights in high density urban design. Research Proposal No. 022.732, Ministry of Housing, Israel, 2001. 12. HELIOS Climate Energy CAD and Architecture Ltd. Urban climatic design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. Internal Report, 2000 [ in Hebrew ]. 13. FLUENT Inc. Fluent user's guide. NH, USA: Fluent Inc., 1999. Corresponding author. Tel.: +972-4-829-4013; fax: +972-4-829-4617 Building and Environment Volume 38, Issue 6, June 2003, Pages 827-835
(n, phrase) การศึกษาย้อนหลัง
[ไทย] (n) The payment management system Bus coffee Business, The objective to study about The pagment of The store for receiving the pagment to solve The pagment list in The store the which part should to have saved and also have The discount The pagment and another income to manage The project that receive The staffs ‘satisfaction in a good level
อ่านหนังสือสอบ
Thai-English: NECTEC's Lexitron-2 Dictionary [with local updates] NECTEC Lexitron-2 Dictionary (TH-EN)
(n) studying age, See Also: education age, Syn. วัยศึกษา, Example:เมื่อนึกถึงวัยเรียนความทรงจำที่สนุกสนานก็ผุดขึ้นมามากมาย, Unit:วัย, Thai Definition:ระยะเวลาของอายุที่อยู่ในช่วงกำลังศึกษาเล่าเรียน
(n) case study, Example:เทคนิคที่พัฒนาขึ้นนับว่าน่าสนใจอย่างยิ่งควรที่จะนำกรณีศึกษานี้มาเผยแพร่, Unit:เรื่อง, กรณี, Thai Definition:เทคนิคในการสอน โดยมีพื้นฐานอยู่ที่การเลือกเหตุการณ์จากสถานการณ์ที่เป็นจริง เพื่อที่จะคิดหาทางแก้ไขที่เป็นไปได้ต่อไป
(v) further study, See Also: continue to study, Syn. ศึกษาต่อ, Example:ผมอยากไปเรียนต่อที่ญี่ปุ่น แต่ไม่มีคนรู้จักอยู่ที่นั่นเลย, Thai Definition:เรียนเพิ่มเติมจากหลักสูตรที่เพิ่งสำเร็จมา
(v) study, See Also: learn, be in school, be educated, Example:ผู้ใหญ่ไม่ควรคาดหวังอย่างสูงจากเด็ก เช่น ต้องเรียนหนังสือให้เก่ง เพราะการคาดหวังทำให้ผู้เลี้ยงมีอารมณ์รุนแรงเมื่อไม่สมความปรารถนา
(v) study, See Also: learn, read up, mug up, Syn. ศึกษา, ทำความเข้าใจ, Example:ผู้ซื้อควรเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับผลิตภัณฑ์ต่างๆ ที่กำลังจะซื้อ
(n) research, See Also: study, probe, Syn. การศึกษาค้นคว้า, Example:มหาวิทยาลัยไคโรเป็นมหาวิทยาลัยที่นักศึกษาไทยเดินทางไปทำวิจัยในระดับปริญญาเอกกันมาก, Thai Definition:การค้นคว้าเพื่อหาข้อมูลอย่างถี่ถ้วนตามหลักวิชา
(n) education, See Also: study, learning, Syn. การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การศึกษา, การเล่าเรียน, Example:การเรียนเป็นรากฐานสำคัญและส่งผลต่ออนาคตในชีวิตของทุกคน, Thai Definition:การศึกษาเพื่อให้เจนใจจำได้ให้เกิดความรู้ความเข้าใจหรือความชำนาญ
(v) examine, See Also: peruse, scrutinize, study, investigate, explore, Syn. พิจารณา, วิเคราะห์, พินิจพิจารณา, Example:คณะกรรมการต้องพินิจพิเคราะห์สิ่งประดิษฐ์ที่ส่งเข้าประกวดอย่างละเอียดถี่ถ้วน, Thai Definition:พิจารณาใคร่ครวญดูอย่างละเอียด
(v) research, See Also: dig into, study intensively, search, Example:เขากำลังค้นคว้าเรื่องโรคมะเร็งที่ตา เพราะกำลังเป็นที่สนใจอยู่ในขณะนี้, Thai Definition:หาเอามา, สืบสาวหามา
(n) faculty, See Also: school, branch of study, department, Syn. ภาควิชา, แผนก, Example:นิสิตจากแต่ละคณะกำลังเรียนวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรมขั้นพื้นฐาน, Unit:คณะ, Thai Definition:ภาควิชาหรือแผนกวิชาต่างๆ ในมหาวิทยาลัยหรือวิทยาลัยที่รวมอยู่ในสายเดียวกัน
(n) branch of study dealing with elephant, Example:หากผู้ใดมีความรู้ทางด้านคชศาสตร์ จงมาถวายตัวเป็นข้าของเรา, Thai Definition:วิชาที่ว่าด้วยช้างมี 2 ประเภท คือ คชลักษณ์และคชกรรม
(n) research, See Also: investigation, study, Syn. การวิจัย, การค้นคว้า, การค้นคว้าวิจัย, งานค้นคว้าวิจัย, Example:อาจารย์มหาวิทยาลัยควรทำงานสอนควบคู่ไปกับงานวิจัย, Unit:ชิ้น, งาน
(v) take a child to enter a school, See Also: bring (a child) to study in a school, Syn. ฝากเรียน, Example:นิดพาลูกไปฝากโรงเรียนแถวบ้าน, Thai Definition:นำเด็กไปสมัครเข้าเป็นนักเรียนในโรงเรียน
(n) study of Buddhist metaphysics, See Also: brahmacharya, Example:พระภิกษุสงฆ์ต้องศึกษาพรหมจรรย์ซึ่งได้แก่ การศึกษาทางศาสนาหรือปรมัตถ์หรือพระเวท, Thai Definition:การศึกษาปรมัตถ์, การศึกษาพระเวท, Notes:(สันสกฤต)
(n) Indian study, See Also: study of India, Example:ท่านสนใจในด้านภารตวิทยาเพราะท่านเคยไปอยู่ที่อินเดียมานาน, Thai Definition:วิชาที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศอินเดีย มีศาสนา ปรัชญา วัฒนธรรม ภูมิศาสตร์ ประวัติศาสตร์ ภาษา วรรณคดี เป็นต้น, Notes:(สันสกฤต)
(n) research, See Also: study, exploration, Syn. ผลการวิจัย, ผลวิจัย, Example:นักวิทยาศาสตร์มีผลงานวิจัยออกมามากมาย, Unit:ชิ้น, เรื่อง, Thai Definition:ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้จากการค้นคว้า ศึกษาข้อมูลอย่างมีระบบ
(v) learn, See Also: study, Example:นิสิตจากแต่ละคณะกำลังเรียนวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรมภาษาเบสิค, Thai Definition:ศึกษาเพื่อให้เจนใจจำได้ให้เกิดความรู้ความเข้าใจหรือความชำนาญ
(n) learning aid, See Also: study aid, Syn. สื่อการเรียนการสอน, Example:การเรียนการสอนในปัจจุบันนี้ต้องมีสื่อการศึกษาที่ดี จึงจะทำให้เด็กเรียนรู้ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ, Unit:สื่อ, Thai Definition:วิธีการ เครื่องมือ และอุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ที่ใช้เป็นสื่อในการศึกษา
(n) education, See Also: study, Syn. การศึกษา, การเล่าเรียน, Thai Definition:ข้อที่จะต้องศึกษา, Notes:(บาลี)
(v) concentrate one's attention, See Also: pay attention, study carefully, absorb, Syn. เอาใจใส่, ตั้งอกตั้งใจ, Example:ผมตั้งใจเรียนเพื่อให้ได้เป็นหมออย่างที่พ่อแม่หวังไว้, Thai Definition:เอาใจจดจ่อ
(n) substitution, See Also: reservation, understudy, Syn. ผู้เล่นสำรอง, Ant. ตัวจริง, Example:เธอเล่นวอลเล่ย์บอลทีมชาติเป็นตัวสำรอง, Thai Definition:ผู้ที่มีความสำคัญเป็นอันดับรองลงมาจากตัวจริง
(adv) repeatedly in class, See Also: repeatedly (study), Example:หากย้ายโรงเรียนช่วงนี้ เด็กต้องไปเรียนซ้ำชั้นอีกปีหนึ่ง
(n) study, See Also: learning, Syn. การเรียน, การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การเล่าเรียน, Example:การเรียนหนังสือช่วยให้คนมีความคิดเป็นระบบมากขึ้น
(n) study, See Also: learning, education, Syn. การเรียน, การศึกษา, การเรียนรู้, การหาความรู้, Example:การเล่าเรียนทำให้คนมีความคิดเป็นผู้ใหญ่มากขึ้น
(n) advanced education, See Also: advanced study, Example:โรงเรียนจัดให้มีการแนะแนวเรื่องการศึกษาระดับสูงขึ้น
(n) education, See Also: study, learning, Syn. การเรียน, การเล่าเรียน, การเรียนรู้, การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การหาความรู้, Example:การศึกษาในมหาวิทยาลัยทำให้ความคิดของเขาเปลี่ยนไปมาก
(n) case study, Example:การศึกษาเฉพาะกรณีทำให้ทราบถึงปัญหาของเรื่องนั้นๆอย่างชัดเจน
(n) ophthalmology, See Also: medical study and treatment of eyes, Example:นิพนธ์กำลังศึกษาวิชาจักษุวิทยาในระดับปริญญาเอก, Thai Definition:วิชาที่ว่าด้วยการศึกษาเรื่องโรคที่เกี่ยวกับดวงตาและวิธีการรักษา
(n) psychology, See Also: study of mind, Example:เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจหน่วยปราบจลาจลได้รับการฝึกฝนให้รับสภาพความวุ่นวาย และจิตวิทยาฝูงชนมาเป็นอย่างดี, Thai Definition:วิชาว่าด้วยจิต, วิทยาศาสตร์แขนงหนึ่งว่าด้วยปรากฎการณ์ พฤติกรรม และกระบวนการของจิต
(v) observe activities, See Also: inspect activities, study activities, make a study trip, Syn. ศึกษางาน
(n) higher education, See Also: undergraduate study, graduate study, university education, college education, Example:หลังจากจบการศึกษาระดับมัธยม นักเรียนหลายคนต้องการเรียนต่อในระดับอุดมศึกษา, Thai Definition:การศึกษาในระดับสูงกว่ามัธยมศึกษา
(n) higher education, See Also: undergraduate study, graduate study, university education, college education, Example:หลังจากจบการศึกษาระดับมัธยม นักเรียนหลายคนต้องการเรียนต่อในระดับอุดมศึกษา, Thai Definition:การศึกษาในระดับสูงกว่ามัธยมศึกษา
(n) school hours, See Also: studying time, time in school, Example:เด็กในวัยประถมควรมีเวลาเรียนพลศึกษาสัปดาห์ละ 2-3 ชั่วโมง
Thai-English-French: Volubilis Dictionary 1.0 Volubilis Dictionary (TH-EN-FR)
[ān nangseū] (v, exp) EN: read ; study FR: lire ; étudier
[hǿng nangseū] (n) EN: study room FR: bureau [ m ] ; bibliothèque [ f ]
[hǿngsamut] (n) EN: library ; study FR: bibliothèque [ f ]
[jǿ] (v, exp) EN: study intensively FR: étudier en profondeur
[kān hā khwāmrū] (n, exp) EN: study
[kān rīen] (n) EN: schooling ; studying ; learning ; education ; studies FR: enseignement [ m ] ; éducation (scolaire) [ f ] ; apprentissage [ m ] ; formation (scolaire) [ f ] ; études [ fpl ] ; scolarité [ f ]
[kān rīen nangseū] (n) EN: study ; learning FR: apprentissage [ m ] ; formation (scolaire) [ f ]
[kānseuksā] (n) EN: study ; learning FR: étude [ f ] ; apprentissage [ m ]
[kānseuksā chaphǿ karanī] (n, exp) EN: case study
[kānseuksā choēng prīepthīep] (n, exp) EN: comparative study
[kānseuksā khwām penpai dāi] (n, exp) EN: feasibility study FR: étude de faisabilité [ f ]
[kānseuksā namrǿng] (n, exp) EN: pilot study FR: étude pilote [ f ]
[kānseuksā phāksanām] (n, exp) EN: field study
[kānseuksā radap sūng] (n, exp) EN: advanced education ; advanced study FR: formation de haut niveau [ f ] ; formation supérieure [ f ]
[karanīseuksā] (n) EN: case study
[khana] (n) EN: college ; faculty ; school ; branch of study ; department FR: faculté (universitaire) [ f ] ; département universitaire [ m ]
[khantøn kānseuksā] (n, exp) EN: process of the study
[khonkhwā] (v) EN: search ; research ; do research ; ransack ; frisk ; dig into ; study intensively ; investigate ; find out FR: faire des recherches ; creuser (fig.)
[khøpkhēt khøng kānseuksā] (n, exp) EN: scope of the study ; delimitation of the study
[klum seuksā] (n, exp) EN: study group
[ngān wijai] (n, exp) EN: research ; investigation ; study ; report FR: étude [ f ] ; rapport [ m ]
[phrommajan] (n) EN: study of Buddhist metaphysics ; brahmacharya ; holy life ; chastity ; celibacy FR: chasteté [ f ]
[rāi-ngān wijai] (n, exp) EN: study FR: étude [ f ]
[ramrīen] (v) EN: study ; learn ; be learned FR: étudier sans relâche ; étudier avec application ; bûcher (fam.) ; potasser (fam.) ; bloquer (fam. - Belg.)
[rīen] (v) EN: learn ; study FR: étudier ; apprendre ; assimiler
[rīen nangseū] (v, exp) EN: study ; learn ; be in school ; be educated FR: étudier ; suivre des cours
[rīenrū] (v) EN: learn ; understand ; study ; read up ; mug up ; mug up FR: apprendre ; comprendre ; étudier ; s'instruire ; s'initier à
[rīentø] (v) EN: further study ; continue to study FR: prolonger ses études
[samrūat-hā] (v) EN: survey ; examine ; study FR: étudier
[seuksā] (v) EN: study ; go to school ; receive education ; be educated ; learn ; read up ; mug up ; cram FR: étudier ; apprendre ; s'instruire ; aller à l'école
[seuksā chaphǿ karanī] (n, exp) EN: case study
[tangjai] (x) EN: concentrate one's attention ; pay attention ; study carefully FR: se concentrer (sur) ; prêter attention (à)
[thǿng = thøng] (v) EN: commit to memory ; memorize ; learn by rote ; learn by heart ; study ; recite from memory FR: mémoriser ; apprendre par coeur
[udomseuksā] (n) EN: higher education ; undergraduate study ; graduate study ; university education ; college education
[wai rīen] (n, exp) EN: school age ; studying age ; education age FR: âge scolaire [ m ]
[wēlā rīen] (n, exp) EN: school hours ; studying time ; time in school FR: heures de cours
[wichā] (n) EN: subject ; branch of study ; course ; branch of knowledge ; science ; technology ; know-how FR: sujet [ m ] ; matière [ f ] ; thèse [ f ] ; discipline [ f ] ; branche [ f ] ; domaine [ m ]
[wijai] (n) EN: research ; investigation ; examination ; inspection ; study ; probe FR: recherche [ f ] ; investigation [ f ] ; analyse [ f ] ; inspection [ f ]
ตัวอย่างประโยคจาก Tanaka JP-EN Corpus ตัวอย่างประโยคจาก Tanaka JP-EN Corpus
study
study
study
CMU English Pronouncing Dictionary Dictionary [with local updates] CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (pronunciation guide only) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
WordNet (3.0) WordNet (3.0)
(n) a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness
(n) a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure
(n) a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view
(n) an integrated course of academic studies, Syn. programme, syllabus, curriculum, program, Example:he was admitted to a new program at the university
(n) a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject, Example:he registered for directed study; he got credit for directed study; he did directed study
(n) a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom
(n) the humanistic study of literature
(n) the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level)
(n) someone able to acquire new knowledge and skills rapidly and easily, Syn. sponge, Example:she soaks up foreign languages like a sponge
(n) applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading), Syn. work, Example:mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
(n) a state of deep mental absorption, Example:she is in a deep study
(n) a room used for reading and writing and studying, Example:he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
(n) someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play), Example:he is a quick study
(n) a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique, Example:a study in spiccato bowing
(v) be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
(v) learn by reading books, Syn. hit the books, Example:He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
(v) think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes, Syn. meditate, contemplate, Example:He is meditating in his study
(n) a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study
(n) a classroom reserved for study
(n) an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort, Syn. time study, time-motion study, work study, time-and-motion study, motion study
(n) an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study
(n) attentive consideration and meditation, Syn. study, Example:after much cogitation he rejected the offer
(n) education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings, Syn. course of study, class, course of instruction, Example:he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
(n) a branch of knowledge, Syn. subject area, subject, field of study, field, bailiwick, subject field, study, Example:in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject; anthropology is the study of human beings
(n) an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment, Syn. double-blind experiment, double-blind study, Example:a double-blind procedure is used to guard against both experimenter bias and placebo effects
(n) a written document describing the findings of some individual or group, Syn. written report, study, Example:this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
(n) preliminary drawing for later elaboration, Syn. study, Example:he made several studies before starting to paint
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English (GCIDE) v.0.53 Collaborative International Dictionary (GCIDE)
. A scientific study of children, undertaken for the purpose of discovering the laws of development of the body and the mind from birth to manhood. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]
n.;
Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study. Bp. Fell. [ 1913 Webster ]
Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace. Sir W. Temple. [ 1913 Webster ]
Just men they seemed, and all their study bent
To worship God aright, and know his works. Milton. [ 1913 Webster ]
The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study. Law. [ 1913 Webster ]
The proper study of mankind is man. Pope. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. i.
I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable. Swift. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t.
Study thyself; what rank or what degree
The wise Creator has ordained for thee. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster ]
For their heart studieth destruction. Prov. xxiv. 2. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. & i. (Theater) To study, as another actor's part, in order to be his substitute in an emergency; to study another actor's part. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. One who studies another's part with a view to assuming it in an emergency. [ 1913 Webster ]
Chinese-English: CC-CEDICT Dictionary CC-CEDICT CN-EN Dictionary
[期, qī] a period of time; phase; stage; (used for issue of a periodical, courses of study); time; term; period; to hope; Taiwan pr. qi2 #688
[科, kē] branch of study; administrative section; division; field; branch; stage directions; family (taxonomy); rules; laws; to mete out (punishment); to levy (taxes etc); to fine sb #1083
[格, gé] square; frame; rule; (legal) case; style; character; standard; pattern; (classical) to obstruct; to hinder; (classical) to arrive; to come; (classical) to investigate; to study exhaustively #1806
Japanese-Thai-English: Saikam Dictionary Saikam JP-TH-EN Dictionary
学び
[まなび, manabi] TH: การเรียน
学び
[まなび, manabi] EN: Study
専門
[せんもん, senmon] TH: วิชาเอก
専門
[せんもん, senmon] EN: subject of study
研究
[けんきゅう, kenkyuu] TH: ศึกษาวิจัย
研究
[けんきゅう, kenkyuu] EN: study (vs)
Japanese-English: EDICT Dictionary EDICT JP-EN Dictionary
[ほう, hou] (n) (1) direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction); (2) side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; (3) type; category; (4) field (of study, etc.); (5) indicates one side of a comparison; (6) way; method; manner; means; (7) length (of each side of a square); (P) #160
[けんきゅう, kenkyuu] (n, vs) study; research; investigation; (P) #172
[ひゃっか, hyakka] (n) (1) many objects (for study); (2) (abbr) (See 百科事典) encyclopedia; encyclopaedia #361
[がくせい, gakusei] (n) (1) (arch) Heian-period student of government administration; (2) (arch) Buddhist scholar; researcher at a Buddhist temple; person studying Buddhism; (3) (arch) learning; scholarship #423
[たいしょう, taishou] (n, adj-no) target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); (P) #516
[せんもん, senmon] (n, adj-no) speciality; specialty; subject of study; expert; (P) #775
[ほうめん, houmen] (n, n-suf) (1) direction; district; area; (n) (2) field (e.g. of study); (P) #1095
[しけん, shiken] (n, vs) examination; test; study; trial; experiment; (P) #1320
[がっか, gakka] (n) study subject; course of study; (P) #1357
[わざ, waza] (n, suf) (1) work; business; (2) study #1432
[けんとう, kentou] (n, vs) consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion; (P) #1434
[がくしゅう, gakushuu] (n, vs) study; learning; tutorial; (P) #2506
[せんこう, senkou] (n, vs, adj-no) major subject; special study; (P) #2561
[えいぶん, eibun] (n) (1) sentence in English; article in English; English text; (2) (abbr) (See 英文学) English literature (study of); (P) #2835
[べんきょう, benkyou] (n, vs) (1) study; (2) diligence; (3) discount; reduction; (P) #4189
[まなぶ, manabu] (v5b) to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in; (P) #4275
[かいせき, kaiseki] (n, vs) (1) analysis; analytical study; (2) parsing; parse; (P) #4281
[りゅうがく, ryuugaku] (n, vs) studying abroad (usu. at university level); (P) #4714
[しょいん, shoin] (n) drawing room; study; publishing house; writing alcove; (P) #5209
[まなび, manabi] (n) learning; study #5310
[しゅぎょう(P);すぎょう(ok), shugyou (P); sugyou (ok)] (n, vs) (1) { Buddh } ascetic practices; (2) training; practice; discipline; study; (P) #5822
[がくもん, gakumon] (n, vs) scholarship; study; learning; (P) #6018
[こうさつ, kousatsu] (n, vs) consideration; inquiry; enquiry; investigation; study; (P) #6657
[がっけん, gakken] (n) study and research; scholarship and research #6803
[しじ, shiji] (n, vs) study under; looking up; apprentice oneself; (P) #7031
[しゅうどう, shuudou] (n) learning; studying the fine arts; (P) #7188
[づく, duku] (v5k, vi) (1) to be attached; to be connected with; to adhere; to stick; to cling; (2) to remain imprinted; to scar; to stain; to dye; (3) to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); (4) to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.); (5) to take root; (6) to accompany; to attend; to follow; to study with; (7) to side with; to belong to; (8) (See 憑く) to possess; to haunt; (9) (See 点く) to be lit; to be lighted; (10) to be settled; to be resolved; to be decided; (11) to be given (of a name, price, etc.); (12) to be sensed; to be perceived; (13) (from 運がつく) to be lucky; (suf, v5k) (14) (See 付く・づく) (after -masu stems, onomatopoeic and mimetic words) to become (a state, condition, etc.) #7839
[しらべる, shiraberu] (v1, vt) to examine; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study; to inquire; to search; (P) #8215
[けんがく, kengaku] (n, vs) inspection; study by observation; field trip; (P) #9213
[けいこ, keiko] (n, vs) practice; practise; training; study; (P) #10474
[しがく, shigaku] (n, adj-no) study of history; (P) #11085
[やくがく, yakugaku] (n, adj-no) (study of) pharmacy; pharmaceutics; (P) #11247
[しゅうぎょう(P);しゅぎょう, shuugyou (P); shugyou] (n, vs) pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing a course; (P) #12072
[ごがく, gogaku] (n) language study; (P) #12252
[つく, tsuku] (v5k) (1) (See 付く・つく・1) to ascend (the throne); to accede; (2) (就く only) to take (seat, position, course, etc.); to assume; (3) (就く only) to start (on a journey); to commence; to depart; (4) (就く only) to study (under teacher); to be an apprentice; (P) #12618
[あそぶ(P);あすぶ(ok), asobu (P); asubu (ok)] (v5b, vi) (1) to play; to enjoy oneself; to have a good time; (2) to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); (3) to be idle; to do nothing; to be unused; (4) (as 〜に遊ぶ) to go to (for pleasure or for study); (5) (in baseball) to intentionally throw a ball to lower the batter's concentration; (P) #13143
[しょうがく, shougaku] (n) encouragement to study; (P) #13458
[りしゅう, rishuu] (n, vs) taking a class; studying a subject; completing a course #17847
[しょうか, shouka] (n) commerce (field of study); department of commerce (at a university) #17926
[こくがく, kokugaku] (n) (1) study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture; (2) (arch) (See 大学・2) provincial school (under Japan's ritsuryo system and pre-Sui Chinese law); (P) #19677
[がりべん, gariben] (n, vs) drudge; grind; someone who studies too much; cram-study (for exam, etc.)
[くそべんきょう, kusobenkyou] (n, vs) (sl) cram for an exam; concentrated study
[ながらぞく, nagarazoku] (n) people who study or work while listening to the radio (or watching television, etc.)
[よくまなびよくあそべ, yokumanabiyokuasobe] (exp) study hard and play hard
[アリがく(アリ学);ありがく(蟻学), ari gaku ( ari gaku ); arigaku ( ari gaku )] (n) myrmecology (the study of ants)
[ke-susutadei-(P); ke-susutadei] (n) case study; (P)
[ko-suobusutadei-] (n) course of study
[sutadei-; sutadei] (n) study
[sutadeirepo-to] (n) { comp } study report
[fi-jibiritei-sutadei] (n) feasibility study
Japanese-English: COMPDICT Dictionary COMPDICT JP-EN Dictionary
[すたでいれぽーと, sutadeirepo-to] study report
[ふぃーじびりていすたでい, fi-jibiriteisutadei] feasibility study
[がくしゅう, gakushuu] learning (vs), studying, tutorial
[きかいけんとう, kikaikentou] opportunity study
[けんとうちゅう, kentouchuu] under study, under investigation
[じつげんかのうせいけんとう, jitsugenkanouseikentou] feasibility study
[じつげんかのうせいちょうさ, jitsugenkanouseichousa] feasibility study
[そうごどうさせいしけん, sougodousaseishiken] interoperability test, study
[しらべる, shiraberu] to sense, to investigate, to study, to inquire, to check
[ちょうさきかん, chousakikan] study period
[とうけいがく, toukeigaku] (the study of) statistics
German-English: TU-Chemnitz DING Dictionary DING DE-EN Dictionary
Aktstudie { f } | Aktstudien { pl }
study from the nude | studies from the nude
Anwendungsstudie { f }
application study
Arbeitsgruppe { f }
(working) team; study group (school)
Arbeitsstudie { f }
work study
Arbeitszimmer { n }
study
Bewegungs-Zeit-Untersuchung { f }
time-and-motion study
Bewegungsanalyse { f }
micromotion study
Blindstudie { f }
blind study
Doktorand { m }; Doktorandin { f }
graduate student studying for a doctorate
Durchführbarkeitsstudie { f }; Durchführbarkeitsuntersuchung { f }
feasibility study
Ersatz { m }
understudy
Exkursion { f }
excursion; study trip
Fallstudie { f }; Fallbeispiel { n }
case study
Fleiß { m }
study
Gesang studieren
to study voice
Grundstudium { n }
foundation course; stage studies; basic study
Jura studieren
to study law; to read law; to take law
Kulturwissenschaft { f } | Kulturwissenschaften { pl }
study of civilization | cultural studies
Leitstudie { f }
pilot study
Machbarkeitsstudie { f }
feasibility study
Philologie { f }
study of language and literature; philology [ Am. ]
Selbststudium { n } | im Selbststudium lernen
private study | to learn by studying on one's own
Sprachstudium { n } | Sprachstudien { pl }
study of languages | studies of languages
Studie { f } | Studien { pl }
study | studies
Studiengang { m } | Studiengänge { pl }
course of studies; study path | courses of studies; study paths
Studienordnung { f }
conditions of study
Studienplatz { m }
university place; college place; place to study ...
Studienreise { f }; Studienaufenthalt { m } | Studienreisen { pl }
study trip | study trips
Studienrichtung { f }
branch of study; discipline of study; field of study
Studienzeit { f }
years of study
Studierstube { f }
study
Studium { n }; Studieren { n }; Lernen { n } | Studium generale { n } | sein Studium beginnen
study | general studies course; extracurricular studies | to start college
Umweltverträglichkeitsuntersuchung { f }
environmental impact study
Universitätsstudium { n } | Universitätsstudien { pl }
study at a university | studies at universities
Unterrichtsstunde { f } | Unterrichtsstunde zum selbständigen Arbeiten
class hour; period; lesson | study period
Vorpraktikum { n }
pre-study industrial practical
Vorstudie { f } | Vorstudien { pl }
preliminary study | preliminary studies
einspringend
understudying
einstudierend; studierend
studying
geistesabwesend sein; in Gedanken verloren sein
to be in a brown study
sich mit etw. kritisch auseinander setzen
to make a critical study of sth.
lernst
study
neu untersuchen | neu untersuchend
to restudy | restudying
studieren | studierend | studiert | er/sie studiert | ich/er/sie studierte | er/sie hat/hatte studiert
to study | studying | studied | he/she studies | I/he/she studied | he/she has/had studied
weiterbilden
to study further
weiterbildend
studying further
Sein Gesicht war sehenswert.
His face was a perfect study.
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ทราบความหมายของคำศัพท์นี้? กด [เพิ่มคำศัพท์] เพื่อใส่คำนี้พร้อมความหมาย เพื่อเป็นวิทยาทานแก่ผู้ใช้ท่านอื่น ๆ
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