[ta] (aux-v) (1) (だ after certain verb forms) (See だ・2) indicate past completed or action; (2) (See だ・3) indicates light imperative #7
[de] (prt) (1) indicates location of action; at; in; (2) indicates time of action; (3) indicates means of action; cause of effect; by; (conj) (4) and then; so; (aux) (5) (alternate form of 〜て used for some verb types) (See て) indicates continuing action; (P) #8
[te] (aux) (で after certain verb forms) (See で・5) indicates continuing action #9
[masu] (aux-v) (1) (pol) (See ませ) used to indicate respect for the listener (or reader); (2) (arch) (hum) used to indicate respect for those affected by the action #19
[nai] (aux-adj) (1) not (verb-negating suffix; may indicate question or invitation with rising intonation); (suf, adj-i) (2) (See 忙しない) emphatic suffix (used after the root of an adjective); (P) #27
[ya] (prt) (1) such things as (non-exhaustive list related to a specific time and place); and ... and; (2) (See や否や) (after the dictionary form of a verb) the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; (int) (3) punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.; (aux) (4) (ksb #31
[desu] (aux) (pol) (See だ・1) polite copula in Japanese; (P) #34
[reru ; rareru] (aux-v, v1) (1) (れる for 五段 verbs, られる for 一段. Follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs) (See 未然形, 迷惑の受身・めいわくのうけみ) indicates passive voice (inc. the "suffering passive"); (2) (no imperative form. Infrequently used in modern Japanese, e.g. 歩ける is favoured over 歩かれる) (See ら抜き言葉・らぬきことば) indicates the potential form; (3) (no imperative form) indicates spontaneous occurrence; (4) (hon) (no imperative form) used as an honorific for others' actions #41
[you] (aux-v) (1) (non-五段 verbs, e.g. 食べよう) indicates speculation; (2) indicates will; (3) indicates invitation #44
[mase ; mashi] (aux) (1) (pol) (See ます) (used to make a polite request or demand) please; (2) used to increase the politeness of a greeting, apology, etc. #57
[u] (aux-v) (1) (after the imperfective form of certain verbs and adjectives) indicates speculation; (2) indicates will; (3) indicates invitation #63
[da] (aux) (1) (See です) plain copula; (aux-v) (2) (た after certain verb forms) (See た・1) indicates past or completed action; (3) (See た・2) indicates light imperative; (P) #79
[nara (P); naraba (P)] (aux) (1) (hypothetical form of the copula だ, from なり and sometimes classed as a particle) if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that; (2) (なら only) as for; on the topic of; (conj) (3) (col) (abbr) (See それなら) if that's the case; if so; that being the case; (4) (ならば only) if possible; if circumstances allow; (P) #141
[tari (P); dari] (prt) (1) (as …たり…たり, after the ren'youkei forms of multiple verbs) -ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); (2) (used adverbially) doing such things as...; (3) (as …たり…たり at sentence-end, after the ren'youkei forms of a repeated verb) expresses a command; (aux-v) (4) (たり only) (arch) (from とあり) (See たる) (after a noun) to be; (5) (たり only) (arch) (from 〜てあり, after the ren'youkei form of a verb) indicates completion or continuation of an action; (P) #213
[tai] (aux-adj) (1) (after the -masu stem of a verb) want to ... do something; would like to ...; (prt) (2) (kyu #303
[seru ; saseru] (aux-v, v1) (1) (せる is for 五段 verbs, させる for 一段; follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs; senses 1-3 of せる are sometimes abbreviated as 〜す) auxiliary verb indicating the causative; (2) (hum) (usu. as 〜(さ)せてもらう, 〜(さ)せていただく, etc.) auxiliary verb indicating that one has been granted the permission to do something; (3) auxiliary verb used to make verbs more "active"; (4) (hon) (as 〜(さ)せられる, 〜あら(さ)せられる, 〜(さ)せ給う, etc.) auxiliary verb used as an extreme honorific for others' actions #540
[ふく, fuku] (n, pref) (1) assistant; associate; vice-; sub-; deputy; substitute; auxiliary; supplementary; additional; collateral; (n) (2) duplicate; copy; (P) #848
[ない, nai] (adj-i) (1) (uk) (See 亡い) nonexistent; not being (there); (2) unpossessed; unowned; not had; (3) (See またとない) unique; (4) (as ...ことがない, etc.) indicates negation, inexperience, unnecessariness or impossibility; (aux-adj) (5) (See ない) (after the ren'youkei form of an adjective) not ...; (6) (after the -te form of a verb) to not be...; to have not ...; (P) #952
[nu] (aux-v, suf) (1) (See ない・1, ません, ん・2) (after the -nai stem of a verb) not (verb-negating suffix); (2) (arch) indicates completion #1639
[いく(P);ゆく(P), iku (P); yuku (P)] (v5k-s, vi) (1) (See 来る・くる) to go; (2) (い sometimes omitted in auxiliary use) (See 旨く行く) to proceed; to take place; (3) (逝く only) to die; to pass away; (aux-v) (4) to continue; (P) #2232
[ふぞく, fuzoku] (n, vs, adj-no) attached; belonging (to); included; enclosed; affiliated; annexed; associated; subordinate; incidental; dependent; auxiliary; (P) #2727
[be ; pe ; bee] (aux) (1) (ktb #2768
[rashii] (aux-adj) (1) seeming ... (expresses judgment based on evidence, reason or trustworthy hearsay); appearing ...; (suf, adj-i) (2) (after a noun, adverb or adjective stem) -ish; like a ...; typical of ...; appropriate for ...; becoming of ...; worthy of the name ...; (P) #2865
[はじめる, hajimeru] (v1, vt, aux-v) (1) to start; to begin; to commence; to initiate; to originate; (2) to open (e.g. a store); to start up; to establish (business. etc.); (aux-v) (3) (See 為始める) to start (doing something); to begin to ...; (P) #2901
[zaru] (aux) (arch) (literary form of -ない) (See ざり・1) not; un- #2919
[toru] (v5r) (equiv. of -ている indicating continuing action as a verb ending; poss. contraction of -て ending + おる auxiliary verb) is being #3217
[ほじょ, hojo] (n, vs, adj-no) (1) assistance; support; aid; help; (2) subsidy; supplement; subvention; grant-in-aid; (3) auxiliary; subsidiary; (4) spot (in bodybuilding); (P) #3440
[haru] (v5r, aux-v, suf) (hon) (ksb #3458
[beku] (aux-v, conj) (1) in order to; for the purpose of; (aux, suf) (2) (See 可き, 可し) must; should #3782
[taru] (aux-v) (after a noun, usu. as 〜たる者, etc.) (See たり, たるや) (those) who are; (that) which is; often used in relation to qualifications and requirements for a position; in the capacity of #3917
[くる, kuru] (vk, vi, aux-v) (1) to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive; (2) (See 行って来る) to come back; to do ... and come back; (3) to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue; (vk, vi) (4) to come from; to be caused by; to derive from; (5) (See と来たら) to come to (i.e. "when it comes to spinach ..."); (P) #4016
[mai] (aux) (1) probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); (2) don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; (3) must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't #4213
[irassharu] (v5aru, vi) (1) (hon) (irregular forms such as いらした, etc. in colloquial Japanese; sometimes written 居らっしゃる) to come; to go; to be (somewhere); (aux-v) (2) (after a -te form, or the particle "de") is (doing); are (doing); (P) #4805
[ほしい, hoshii] (adj-i) (1) (See 欲しがる) wanted; wished for; in need of; desired; (aux-adj) (2) (after the -te form of a verb) I want (you) to; (P) #4889
[あげる, ageru] (v1, vt) (1) (See 手を挙げる・1) to raise; to elevate; (2) (See 髪を上げる) to do up (one's hair); (3) to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to surface (a submarine, etc.); (4) to land (a boat); (5) (揚げる only) to deep-fry; (6) to show someone (into a room); (7) (揚げる only) (uk) to summon (for geishas, etc.); (8) to send someone (away); (9) to enrol (one's child in school) (enroll); (10) to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); (11) (See 声を上げる) to make (a loud sound); to raise (one's voice); (12) to earn (something desirable); (13) to praise; (14) (usu. 挙げる) to give (an example, etc.); to cite; (15) (usu. 挙げる) to summon up (all of one's energy, etc.); (16) (挙げる only) to arrest; (17) (挙げる only) to nominate; (18) (pol) to give; (19) to offer up (incense, a prayer, etc.) to the gods (or Buddha, etc.); (20) to bear (a child); (21) (usu. 挙げる) to conduct (a ceremony, esp. a wedding); (v1, vi) (22) (of the tide) to come in; (v1, vi, vt) (23) to vomit; (aux-v) (24) (uk) (pol) (after the -te form of a verb) to do for (the sake of someone else); (25) (See 作り上げる) (after the -masu stem of a verb) to complete; (26) (hum) (See 申し上げる・2) used after the -masu stem of a humble verb to increase the level of humility; (P) #5990
[nasai] (aux) (See 為さる) do (imperative form often used after ~masu base of verbs) #6831
[そろ;そう;さう;す, soro ; sou ; sau ; su] (aux) (arch) (pol) (See 候ふ) to be (auxiliary used in place of "aru" after "de" or "ni" when forming a copula); to do (auxiliary used in place of "-masu" after a -masu stem) #7743
[chau ; jau] (aux-v, v5u) (contraction of ..て or で plus しまう) to do something completely #8949
[かたい(難い)(P);にくい(P);がたい(難い), katai ( gatai )(P); nikui (P); gatai ( gatai )] (aux-adj) difficult; hard; (P) #9974
[jan] (aux-v) (sl) (contraction of じゃない) isn't it #12015
[maji ; maji] (adj-na, n) (1) (col) (abbr) (See 真面目・まじめ) serious (not capricious or flirtatious); (aux-v) (2) (まじ only) (See まい) cannot; should not; will not; must not #12105
[おる, oru] (v1, vi) (1) (uk) (See 在る・1) to be (of animate objects); to exist; (2) to stay; (v1, aux-v) (3) (the い is sometimes dropped) (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing, to have been ..ing); (P) #12653
[おる, oru] (v5r, vi) (1) (uk) (hum) to be (animate); to be; to exist; (v5r, aux-v) (2) (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing); (3) (See やがる) (after -masu base of verb) indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions; (P) #12653
[sasu] (v5s, vt) (1) (See 為せる・1) to make (someone) do; (2) (See 為せる・2) to allow (someone) to; (aux-v, v5s) (3) auxiliary verb indicating the causative; (4) auxiliary verb indicating that one has been granted the permission to do something; (5) auxiliary verb used to make verbs more "active"; (6) auxiliary verb used as an extreme honorific for others' actions; (n) (7) (arch) swidden #14090
[かかる, kakaru] (v5r, vi) (1) (See 時間がかかる) to take; (v5r) (2) to hang; (3) (See お目にかかる) to come into view; to arrive; (4) to come under (a contract, a tax); (5) to start (engines, motors); (6) to attend; to deal with; to handle; (v5r, aux-v) (7) to have started to; to be on the verge of; (8) to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover; (9) to (come) at; (10) (See 鍵がかかる) to be fastened; (11) to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.); (12) (See 罠にかかる) to be caught in; (13) (See 電話が掛かる) to get a call; (14) to depend on; (P) #14931
[ねがう, negau] (v5u, vt) (1) to desire; to wish; to hope; (2) to beg; to request; to implore; to pray; (aux-v) (3) to have something done for oneself; (P) #15093
[づらい, durai] (aux-adj) difficult to (do something) #15870
[つくす, tsukusu] (v5s) (1) to exhaust; to run out; (2) to devote; to serve (a person); to befriend; (aux-v) (3) to do to exhaustion; (P) #16861
[かねる, kaneru] (aux-v) (1) (See 兼ねない) to be unable to (usu. kana); to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do (usu. kana); (v1, vt) (2) to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; (3) to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside; (4) to hesitate to do something (out of consideration for others); (5) to think of the future (as well as the present); (P) #17407
[かける, kakeru] (v1, vt) (1) (See 壁にかける) to hang (e.g. picture); to hoist (e.g. sail); to raise (e.g. flag); (2) (See 腰を掛ける) to sit; (aux-v, v1) (3) to be partway (verb); to begin (but not complete); (4) (See 時間を掛ける) to take (time, money); to expend (money, time, etc.); (5) (See 電話を掛ける) to make (a call); (6) to multiply; (7) (See 鍵を掛ける) to secure (e.g. lock); (8) (See 眼鏡を掛ける) to put on (glasses, etc.); (9) to cover; (10) (See 迷惑を掛ける) to burden someone; (11) (See 保険を掛ける) to apply (insurance); (12) to turn on (an engine, etc.); to set (a dial, an alarm clock, etc.); (13) to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on; (14) to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.); (15) (also 繋ける) to bind; (16) (See 塩をかける) to pour (or sprinkle, spray, etc.) onto; (17) (See 裁判に掛ける) to argue (in court); to deliberate (in a meeting); to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.); (18) to increase further; (19) to catch (in a trap, etc.); (20) to set atop; (21) to erect (a makeshift building); (22) to hold (a play, festival, etc.); (aux-v) (23) (See 話し掛ける) (after -masu stem of verb) indicates (verb) is being directed to (someone); (P) #18130