peni

n. [ L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter's brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds. ] (mented.) A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Chem., Med.) A substance (C5H11NO2S) which is a degradation product of the penicillins. Chemically it is 3-mercapto-D-valine. It has chelating properties and is used in medicine as an antirheumatic and to chelate copper in cases of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). [ PJC ]

a. [ Cf. F. pénicillé. See Penicil. ] (Biol.) Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel's-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. (Bot.) Penicillate. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ From Penicillium, the fungus genus from which it was first isolated. ] (Chem.) Any of a variety of substances having a structure containing a beta-lactam ring fused to a thiirane ring, to which a carboxyl group is attached, but most commonly interpreted as benzyl penicillin. They are notable as powerful antibacterial agents of relatively low toxicity which have found extensive use in medicine for treating bacterial infections. They are categorized as one of the classes of beta-lactam antibiotic. They are produced naturally by some fungi and bacteria, and industrial production processes almost invariably start from some form of the penicillin nucleus produced by fermentation of microorganisms. The fermentation products are then chemically modified to produce derivatives of enhanced potency, safety, or antibacterial spectrum. The first penicillin to see extensive use clinically (during World War II) was penicillin G, also called benzypenicillin, and commonly simply “penicillin”. [ PJC ]

☞The characteristic portion of the structure characterizing a penicillin is the bicyclic structure 3, 3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicylo[ 3.2.0 ]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. The different penicillins have varying acyl groups forming an amide bond with a nitrogen attached to the 6-carbon of this nucleus. This distinguishes it from the other classes of beta-lactam antibiotic, the cephalosporins, thienamycins and sulfazecin. [ PJC ]

n. (Bioch.) An enzyme which destroys the antibacterial activity of penicillin by hydrolyzing the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Many penicillinases are known, and are produced by a wide variety of bacteria. The production of penicillinase is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria may become resistant to penicillins. Penicillinase production in various bacterial species may be induced, i.e., it may occur only when stimulated by the presence of penicillin in the culture medium, or it may be constitutive, i.e., it may occur whenever the cells are producing protein. Molecular weights of the various penicillinases tend to cluster near 50, 000. [ PJC ]

n. [ L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle. ] A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Cf. F. péninsulaire. ] Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as, a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war. [ 1913 Webster ]