From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Be \Be\ (b[=e]), v. i. [imp. {Was} (w[o^]z); p. p. {Been}
(b[i^]n); p. pr. & vb. n. {Being}.] [OE. been, beon, AS.
be['o]n to be, be['o]m I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I
am, Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav.
by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be,
fo-re to be about to be, and perh. to fieri to become, Gr.
fy^nai to be born, to be, Skr. bh[=u] to be. This verb is
defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from
other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with
be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are
considered grammatically as parts of the verb "to be", which,
with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive
verb. [root]97. Cf. {Future}, {Physic}.]
1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have
existence.
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To be contents his natural desire. --Pope.
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To be, or not to be: that is the question. --Shak.
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2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, -- whether as a
reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the
subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a
certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or
as identical with what is specified, -- a word or words
for the predicate being annexed; as, to be happy; to be
here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a
hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five;
annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the
man.
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3. To take place; to happen; as, the meeting was on Thursday.
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4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to.
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The field is the world. --Matt. xiii.
38.
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The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the
seven churches. --Rev. i. 20.
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Note: The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is
used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as,
John has been struck by James. It is also used with the
past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a
state of the subject. But have is now more commonly
used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different
sense; as, "Ye have come too late -- but ye are come. "
"The minstrel boy to the war is gone." The present and
imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a
particular future tense, which expresses necessity,
duty, or purpose; as, government is to be supported; we
are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed
to-morrow.
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Note: Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. "I
have been to Paris." --Sydney Smith. "Have you been to
Franchard ?" --R. L. Stevenson.
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Note: Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the
indicative present. "Ye ben light of the world."
--Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in
our Bible: "They that be with us are more than they
that be with them." --2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the
old infinitive: "To ben of such power." --R. of
Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present
subjunctive: "But if it be a question of words and
names." --Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is
and are, with if, are more commonly used.
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{Be it so}, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it
to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so.
--Shak.
{If so be}, in case.
{To be from}, to have come from; as, from what place are you?
I am from Chicago.
{To let be}, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. "Let
be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade." --Spenser.
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Syn: {To be}, {Exist}.
Usage: The verb to be, except in a few rare cases, like that
of Shakespeare's "To be, or not to be", is used simply
as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate;
as, man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to
exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but
points to things that stand forth, or have a
substantive being; as, when the soul is freed from all
corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not,
therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as
a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers
for the sake of variety; as in the phrase "there
exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes." We may,
indeed, say, "a friendship has long existed between
them," instead of saying, "there has long been a
friendship between them;" but in this case, exist is
not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense
to mark the friendship as having been long in
existence.
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From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Been \Been\ [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See
{Be}.]
The past participle of {Be}. In old authors it is also the
pr. tense plural of {Be}. See 1st {Bee}.
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Assembled been a senate grave and stout. --Fairfax.
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From Dutch-English Freedict Dictionary ver. 0.1.3 [fd-nld-eng]:
been /ben/
1. arm
2. leg
3. leg; paw
4. bone
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