CMU English Pronouncing Dictionary Dictionary [with local updates] CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (pronunciation guide only) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
English-Thai: NECTEC's Lexitron-2 Dictionary [with local updates] NECTEC Lexitron Dictionary EN-TH
(vt) ค่อยๆ เพิ่มขึ้น
(vi) ปีน
(vt) ทำให้ถึงจุดสำคัญสูงสุดของเหตุการณ์
(vi) มาถึงจุดสำคัญสูงสุดของเหตุการณ์
(n) คนที่ต้องการก้าวหน้าในธุรกิจหรือในสังคม
(n) เครื่องมือสำหรับติดที่รองเท้าหรือขาเพื่อใช้ในการปีนเสา
(phrv) ปีนขึ้นไป
(vt) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ
(n) เหตุการณ์ที่ลดความสำคัญอย่างกะทันหัน
(phrv) ปีนลงมา
(vt) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ
English-Thai: HOPE Dictionary [with local updates] Hope Dictionary
(อะไคล' เมท) vt., vi. ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ. -acclimation n., Syn. adapt
(อะไคล' มะ
(แอนทีไคล' แมคซฺ) n. เหตุการณ ์ (ข้อสรุป, บทความ, การพูด, เนื้อหา) ที่สำคัญน้อยกว่าที่คาดหมายอย่างกระทันหัน, การเปลี่ยนความเข้มข้นหรือความสำคัญของเรื่องราวดังกล่าวอย่างทันที. -anticlimac-
(ไคลแมค'เทอริค) n. ช่วงระยะหมดระดู, ช่วงระยะที่เปลี่ยนวัย, ระยะหัวเลี้ยวหัวต่อ adj. เกี่ยวกับระยะดังกล่าว, สำคัญ, , Syn. critical
(ไคลแมค'ทิค, -เคิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับจุดสุดยอด (จุดสุดขีด, จุดตื่นเต้นและเร้าใจ)
(ไคลแมค'ทิค, -เคิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับจุดสุดยอด (จุดสุดขีด, จุดตื่นเต้นและเร้าใจ)
Pref. "อากาศตามฤดูกาล"
(ไคล'เมท) n. อากาศตามฤดูกาล, แนวโน้มทั่วไปของสังคม, ประเพณีนิยมที่เป็นอยู่, See Also: climatic adj. ดูclimate climatical adj. ดูclimate climatal adj. ดูclimate, Syn. trend -Conf. weather
Pref. "อากาศตามฤดูกาล"
(ไคลมะทอล'โลจี) n. กาลวิทยา, See Also: climatologic adj. เกี่ยวกับกาลวิทยา climatological adj. เกี่ยวกับกาลวิทยา climatologist n. นักกาลวิทยา
(ไคล'แมคซฺ) { climaxed, climaxing, climaxs } n. จุดสุดยอด, จุดสูงสุด, จุดตื่นเต้นเร้าใจvt., vi. ถึงจุดสุดยอด, ทำให้ถึงจุดสุดยอด, Syn. apex
(ไคลบฺ) v., n. (การ) ปีน, ไต่, ลอยขึ้น, เลื้อยพันขึ้น, ไต่เต้าขึ้น., Syn. ascend
(ไคล'เบอะ) n. คนปีน, คนไต่, ไม้เลื้อย, คนใฝ่สูง, อุปกรณ์ที่ช่วยในการปีนป่าย
(ไคลม) n. ถิ่นหนึ่งหรือบริเวณหนึ่งของโลก, อากาศตามฤดูกาล
(อินไคล' มะเบิล) adj. โน้มเอียง, สนับสนุน, Syn. inclined, favourable
English-Thai: Nontri Dictionary Nontri Dictionary
(vt) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับสภาพแวดล้อมใหม่
(n) การปรับตัวให้ชินกับสภาพแวดล้อมใหม่
(n) อากาศ, ภูมิอากาศ
(adj) เกี่ยวกับอากาศ, เกี่ยวกับภูมิอากาศ
(n) จุดสุดยอด, จุดสูงสุด, จุดสำคัญ
(n) การปีน, การไต่, การขึ้น
(vt) ปีน, ไต่, ขึ้น, เลื้อย, ตะกาย
(n) นักไต่, ไม้เลื้อย
(n) ประเทศ, ถิ่น
อังกฤษ-ไทย: คลังศัพท์ไทย โดย สวทช. คลังศัพท์ไทย (สวทช.)
การเปลี่ยนแปลงภูมิอากาศโลก [วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี]
พืชผลกับภูมิอากาศ [วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี]
การเปลี่ยนแปลงภูมิอากาศโลก [วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี]
การปรับตัวตามสภาพอากาศและภูมิประเทศ [TU Subject Heading]
สถาปัตยกรรมกับภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
วัยเพศถอย [TU Subject Heading]
วัยเพศถอย [TU Subject Heading]
ภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
ภูมิอากาศกับอารยธรรม [TU Subject Heading]
การผันแปรของภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
ปัจจัยภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
การแบ่งเขตภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
ภูมิอากาศวิทยา [TU Subject Heading]
ไม้เลื้อย [TU Subject Heading]
พืชเศรษฐกิจกับภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
อิทธิพลของภูมิอากาศ [TU Subject Heading]
ภูมิอากาศวิทยาการแพทย์ [TU Subject Heading]
ไม้เลื้อยประดับ [TU Subject Heading]
การปีนหน้าผา [TU Subject Heading]
ข้อตกลงว่าด้วยการเปลี่ยนแปลงภูมิอากาศโลกขององค์การสหประชาชาติ (ค.ศ. 1992) [TU Subject Heading]
อนุสัญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ (ค.ศ.1992). พิธีสาร (11 ธ.ค. ค.ศ. 1997) [TU Subject Heading]
เวลาสำคัญที่สุดของชีวิต, Example:ในทางประชากรศาสตร์ หมายถึงช่วงอายุ ของสตรีเมื่อหมดประจำเดือน [สิ่งแวดล้อม]
การเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพทางภูมิอากาศ [การทูต]
การชินอากาศ; การปรับตัวเพื่อให้เกิดความเคยชินต่อสภาวะ; ภูมิอากาศ, การปรับตัวให้เข้ากับ [การแพทย์]
โรคฝีมะม่วง [การแพทย์]
วัยเพศถอย, วัยหมดระดู, วัยใกล้หมดระดู, ย่างเข้าสู่วัยชราภาพ [การแพทย์]
วัยกำลังหมดระดู, วัยต่อ [การแพทย์]
อากาศภูมิ, ดินฟ้าอากาศ [การแพทย์]
อากาศอบอุ่นปานกลาง [การแพทย์]
รักษาโดยเปลี่ยนสถานที่จากอากาศร้อนไปเย็น [การแพทย์]
จุดสุดยอด, ความรู้สึกทางเพศถึงจุดสุดยอด, ไคลแม็กซ์ [การแพทย์]
ประเภทไต่บันได [การแพทย์]
การปีนป่าย [การแพทย์]
อากาศภูมิเย็น, ภูมิอากาศเย็น [การแพทย์]
บรรยากาศของอารมณ์ [การแพทย์]
การไต่ฝาผนัง [การแพทย์]
สังคมสมบูรณ์, กลุ่มสิ่งมีชีวิตที่อยู่รวมกันในระบบนิเวศอย่างสมดุลไม่ถูกแทนที่อย่างรวดเร็วโดยกลุ่มสิ่งมีชีวิตอื่น ๆ [พจนานุกรมศัพท์ สสวท.]
ภูมิอากาศ, สภาพลมฟ้าอากาศที่ได้จากค่าสถิติของลมฟ้าอากาศในระยะเวลายาวนาน ซึ่งประกอบด้วยอุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยแต่ละวัน อุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยสูงสุดและอุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยต่ำสุดของแต่ละวัน ค่าเฉลี่ยของความชื้น ปริมาณของเมฆ แสงแดด และน้ำฝน รวมถึงทิศทางและความเร็วลม [พจนานุกรมศัพท์ สสวท.]
English-Thai: Longdo Dictionary (UNAPPROVED version -- use with care ) Longdo Unapproved EN-TH **ระวัง คำแปลอาจมีข้อผิดพลาด**
(n) ขอแสดงความคิดเห็นนะครับ ไม่ใช่คำแปล คำนี้ไม่ได้มีความหมายคล้ายกับ weather คนไทยส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้เข้าใจความหมายอย่างชัดเจนระหว่างคำสองคำนี้ จึงอยากให้ทางลองดูช่วยให้ความหมายอย่างชัดเจนว่า climate หมายถึง ลักษณะภูมิอากาศของภูมิประเทศ ส่วน weather คือ ลักษณะอากาศขณะหนึ่ง
(n) climate = ลักษณะภูมิอากาศของพื้นที่ในระยะยาวนานหลายฤดู หรือหลายปี หรือหลายศัตวรรษ ซึ่งรวมถึงอุณหภูมิ ปริมาณฝน ลม ความชื้น ความกดดัน การแผ่รังสืของพระอาทิตย์ whether = ลักษณะอากาศในพื้นที่เป็นหลายๆชั่วโมงหรือหลายๆวัน ซึ่งรวมถึงอุณหภูมิ ปริมาณฝน ลม ความชื้น ความกดดัน การแผ่รังสืของพระอาทิตย์
(adj) เกี่ยวกับภูมิประเทศ, เกี่ยวกับอากาศ
(n, vi, vt, modal, ver) Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study Isaac G. Capeluto, , A. Yezioro and E. Shaviv Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel Received 11 December 2001; revised 13 February 2002; accepted 21 February 2002.; Available online 4 April 2002. Abstract We present a case study of a design of a new business district in Tel Aviv city. In this work climatic aspects were taken into consideration in the very early design stages. For that purpose, two models SustArc (Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997, p. 148) and FLUENT 5.0.2 (Fluent's User's Guide, Fluent Inc., NH, USA, 1999) were applied in order to achieve solar and wind rights. The new business district was designed as a high-density urban area and is located near an old low-rise residential quarter. SustArc was used as a design tool to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build without violating the solar rights of existing residential neighborhood, the main avenues and the pedestrian sidewalks. FLUENT, on the other hand, was implemented as an evaluative tool, in a trial and error method, until a design solution could be achieved, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. The paper presents the process of sun and wind controlled planning, as well as the recommendations. Author Keywords: Solar rights; Wind rights; Urban design; Design tools Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Sun, winds and urban design 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district 4. Planning control for sun access 5. Planning control for wind access and protection 6. Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References 1. Introduction During the conceptual design phase of urban districts, the designer deals with different geometrical characteristics related to the building's height and width, in relation to the open spaces and the pedestrian sidewalks. New buildings may create a different microclimate, like changing the wind regime and shading of existing neighborhoods, as well as in the new district. To protect solar rights, as well as wind rights, is a complex task. Moreover, tolerable winds should be achieved along the pedestrian sidewalks. The determination of a preferable design solution becomes specially complicated due to mutual influences. On the other hand, ignoring the solar rights at the stage of the preparation of the master plan may cause discomfort conditions around the buildings beyond repair. Different design tools for solar insolation conscious design were developed. We can classify these tools into generation tools and evaluation tools. The generative design tools aid to define the proper geometry. Some examples are [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ] for determining solar rights. These tools generate nomograms that present all possible solutions to a given problem. These nomograms are called “Solar Envelopes”. The evaluation tools, on the other hand, analyze the performance of a given design. Some examples are Kroner and Abrey [ 7 ], Yezioro and Shaviv [ 8 and 9 ] and Capeluto and Shaviv [ 5 ] for evaluating solar rights for buildings and in open spaces among them. Heliodons are also used to evaluate the proposed design, namely a scaled down 3D physical model examined in the laboratory. For microclimate and wind rights conscious design, there are today only evaluative design tools. These are either wind tunnel studies, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tools. The CFD models are very powerful, require heavy calculations, but provide detailed results that can show clearly the defects in suggested designs. As a result, new design alternatives may be thought of and re-evaluated, until a good and satisfactory design is achieved. In the design of the new business district in Tel Aviv (Fig. 1), we have used SustArc, as the design tool to evaluate the proposed design (Fig. 2). We have also used SustArc to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build while keeping the solar rights of the existing neighborhood (Fig. 5). We used FLUENT to evaluate the existing situation, the proposed solution and the mitigation design, in which the wind rights to the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds along the pedestrian sidewalks ( Fig. 8 and Fig. 9). The paper presents the design process along with the different design tools implemented to create the solutions and to simulate and evaluate the proposed design. Using these tools we could develop rules and design guidelines that ensure proper insolation and ventilation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as creating good microclimatic conditions inside the new business district. Display Full Size version of this image (63K) Fig. 1. An aerial view of the business district. Display Full Size version of this image (24K) Fig. 2. Sun-view presenting the shading of the main green avenue (the area adjacent to the tall buildings from the right) and the residential neighborhood (the long square on the right). 2. Sun, winds and urban design There are many places in which urban design take into consideration solar rights and winds protection. Let us mention a few: New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and San Francisco, in the USA, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, London, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto, in Canada [ 10 ]. Many tall buildings were built during the past in all of the above cities. These tall buildings caused different problems, like shading, loss of daylight, and creation of strong winds around the tall buildings on one hand, and at the same time avoid good ventilation by creating wind stagnation at some parts around them. From the accumulating experience, the city leaders and designers recognized the need to control the changes in the microclimatic conditions created by a proposed design. In many cities, large projects, including tall buildings, require wind studies, as well as shading evaluation. Nevertheless, in most places, the planning control for wind protection and solar insolation are not mandatory and are not imposed by standards, but rather open to negotiations with the developers. Defining urban standards can be carried on along three different approaches [ 10 ]: Prescriptive and descriptive standards, in which the exact physical solution is given. For example, the specific maximum height of buildings in the inner city neighborhood of San Francisco is dictated along with the angle of the slope of a plan that cut the upper floors further from the street. Performance standards, in which the expected performance of the design is given. For example, Boston zoning ordinance dictates for some downtown areas, that “No net increase in shadow is permitted between 8 a.m. and 2.30 p.m.”. In San Francisco for example a performance standard is set for the maximum allowed wind velocity so that “a building form which causes wind speeds to exceed 11 miles/h in areas where people walk and 7 miles/h in areas where people sit, should not be used”. Discretionary review, in which a comprehensive study is required as part of the environmental impact study (EIS) process. For example, in New York, sponsors of large development projects are required to conduct wind studies. The expected wind velocities in new or existing open spaces shall not exceed the mean wind velocity in existing comparable open spaces. There are not yet urban standards and legislation in Israel about how much a building can shade neighboring buildings, open spaces, or what is the maximum allowed wind speed. As for solar rights, we were contracted to develop legislation [ 11 ] and we hope that our future recommendations will be imposed. However, in many cities, the Israeli ministry of the environment demands from every developer, who intends to build high-rise buildings, a discretionary review for winds and shading, as part of the EIS. As there are not yet urban standards, the results of the study are not always imposed on the project. The shading study is usually an evaluation process, carried by different computer codes, while the wind assessment is in most cases a wind tunnel study. In the following chapter we shall demonstrate the approach to deal with planning control for sun access and wind access and protection [ 12 ] that was carried out in the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district A new business district is being planned in the heart of Tel Aviv on an area of 250, 000 m2. The urban density was changed from 200% to 450%. As a result, the developers wish to build in the area many high-rise buildings 40 stories and above. Existing low-rise residential buildings that surround this new business district will be affected by the high-rise buildings (see Fig. 1). The new master plan of this district was not approved yet, and the residents of neighboring communities can submit objections to the new plan, which they did. The designers of the Tel Aviv City planning department produced a 3D model of the site, in which they assumed that all developers would build the maximum allowed (a likely outcome). The model allows the visualization of the spatial drawbacks in the preliminary design. In particular, it was found that the new buildings create a high wall that would deprive the sun and winds (coming mainly from west) from the existing buildings (Fig. 2). Therefore, the designers of Tel Aviv City planning department decided to adopt certain rules for the design of this new business district so as to ensure sun and winds in the existing residential neighborhood. The Tel Aviv climate is hot and humid, and the sea breeze helps in summer to bring about thermal comfort in open spaces, as well as indoors. Therefore, the proposed high-rise buildings should not block the sea breeze. Moreover, tall buildings can create strong winds at the foot of the buildings. This fact complicates the situation, as near tall buildings the wind velocity may change very fast from extremely strong wind to no breeze at all. The sun in Tel Aviv is undesirable in summer but it can cause any open space and parks to be a very pleasant and enjoyable place to stay in winter. Therefore, permanent shading, even if needed in summer, compromises winter sun. A dynamic solution, like shading open spaces and sidewalks in summer by deciduous trees that supply winter insolation, is preferred. In general, at least one pedestrian sidewalk should be exposed to winter sun to provide thermal comfort in winter. The other sidewalk, which is shaded by the building in winter, can be protected from the summer sun by permanent shading devices, or by evergreen trees. On top of it, in Israel there is a requirement by law, for every residential unit, to have solar panels for hot water. It is mandatory, therefore, that these panels will be exposed to the sun the year around. 4. Planning control for sun access “Solar Rights Envelope” defines the space of all possible solutions for the determination of a design that does not violate the solar rights of existing buildings and open spaces during a given period of the year (See Fig. 3). The model SustArc creates such an envelope [ 5 and 6 ]. Display Full Size version of this image (18K) Fig. 3. The solar rights envelope. In the design of the new business district, the use of solar envelopes was recommended to protect the solar rights. The requirement was to achieve solar access during the entire winter, between 8 a.m. and 3.00 p.m., in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the main avenue that is the only existing green open area. The solar envelope that fulfills the above requirement, as well as the obtained shape of the buildings under this envelope, are presented in Fig. 4. Display Full Size version of this image (11K) Fig. 4. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the main green open space. Although the requirements were only to ensure solar access to the residential neighborhood, we added the demand that the main two avenues from west to east will be exposed to the sun during the same period. This is in order to ensure that the morning and afternoon walk from the railway station to work, is in the sun (see Fig. 6). On top of it, we required that the main inner street parallel to the main green avenue would have solar access during lunchtime from 12.00 to 13.00. These requirements will allow the people to enjoy walking in the sun to the two avenues (A and B in Fig. 6) that lead them to the main green avenue, to have lunch in the garden, or in the planned restaurants along the green avenue. Fig. 5 presents the solar envelope that was accepted as design guidelines for the relocation or reshaping of the tall buildings in the business district. All buildings higher than this envelope (these are the buildings that can be seen above the net of the envelope) must be displaced to another location, or should be reshaped (see Fig. 6). This is a descriptive approach, in which all possible consistent solutions are given in advance. However, we mixed the descriptive approach with the performance one, by allowing some exceptions, as long as the shading caused by these buildings is not above a given standard. But, till such standard will exist, a discretionary review approach might be necessary. Display Full Size version of this image (36K) Fig. 5. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Display Full Size version of this image (22K) Fig. 6. The maximum allowed floors for each building, keeping solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Based on these design guidelines a new scheme was suggested by the city planners, that follows the solar envelope (see Fig. 7). Until now, few tall buildings have already been relocated and reshaped, so that they will not stick out from the given solar envelope. Display Full Size version of this image (33K) Fig. 7. Design guidelines on building mass as proposed by the city planners. View from south–east. 5. Planning control for wind access and protection Contrary to other cities, where the requirements were only to protect from high wind velocity around tall buildings, the demand in our case was to ensure good ventilation to the residential neighborhood located east to the business center. The situation today is, that in the business district, most of the buildings are seven floors high and are in a very bad physical condition. Therefore, the majority of the buildings should be demolished and replaced by new ones. The only exception is the first row of buildings near the freeway that are seven floors and new. Today, one can feel in the neighboring residential quarter the good breeze coming from the west. The proposed new tall buildings, thirty floors and above, may block the breeze. As a result, the residents of this quarter objected to the new design on the ground of wind rights. The question that was raised, therefore, was what should be the ventilation corridors inside the business district tissue, so that good natural ventilation will remain in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the new business district. This fact complicated the situation, as in many design alternatives the very solution for ensuring the breeze in the residential quarter, may cause excessive winds in the business district (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). There are not yet design tools that can create the envelope of all possible solutions that satisfy wind requirements, or wind protection. Therefore, performance approach and evaluation technique were applied by using a CFD simulation model FLUENT 5.0.2 [ 13 ]. We required the following: wind velocity in the main avenues and streets should be in summer at least 2 m/s in walking areas, and 1 m/s in sitting areas. In winter, wind velocity in the main green avenue should not be higher than 5 m/s in walking areas and 3.5 m/s in sitting areas. In other streets, where people move fast, it can reach up to 9 m/s . In the residential neighborhood, the breeze should be similar to what exists today. FLUENT is a very powerful tool. It requires heavy calculations, but gives detailed results that can show the wind pattern in any plan or cross-section (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). We used FLUENT with the k– turbulence model, to evaluate the existing situation. We compared it with the proposed design (Fig. 9) and with the design based on the solar envelope ( Fig. 10). Many different design alternatives were proposed and evaluated, until a design solution was found, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood are preserved while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. As the buildings are not yet designed, and for the master plan only general information about the mass of the buildings is required, we assumed simple shapes, and conducted parametric evaluation, in order to find the influence of each design option on the wind pattern. Also, as the simulations are CPU time intensive, we shorten the evaluation procedure by presenting in the same plan different widths for the ventilation corridors, as well as different widths for the north–south streets. In this way we could learn from the same run, what is the preferred width of the ventilation corridors. Fig. 8 presents the standard meteorological wind measurements on site, 10 m above the ground. From this figure one learns that the desired winds in the hot seasons come mainly from the west and northwest and in general the wind velocity is about 3.5 m/s. To ensure wind rights, we carried simulations for these two directions. In all simulations we assumed a wind profile appropriate for the urban roughness and wind velocity of 3.5 m/s at the entrance. Display Full Size version of this image (21K) Fig. 8. The wind rose as measured in site. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show few of the simulations results and only for winds coming from the west. In general, the wind coming from northwest gave better results than what is shown here. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 top left present the existing situation; i.e. all buildings are seven floors high. The widths of the north–south streets are 16 and 36 m according to the existing situation and widths of the east–west streets are 36, 24 and 12 m. The latter are the ventilation corridors that should allow the sea breeze to reach the residential neighborhood. According to the wind pattern obtained, we required that the north–south streets should be at least 36 m in order not to have wind stagnation in the street. The ventilation corridors should be at least 24 m, preferable 36 m. For the 12 m wide ventilation corridor, the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood is too low, even in the existing situation of seven floors high buildings. Therefore, we defined the wind pattern examined area as the area east to the 24 and 36 m ventilation corridors only. Based on these recommendations ventilation corridors were designed and required by the city planners (see Fig. 11). Display Full Size version of this image (80K) Fig. 9. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design. Bottom—parametric analysis. Display Full Size version of this image (79K) Fig. 10. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design according to the Solar envelope section. Bottom left—parametric analysis: Seven floors buildings along the pathway. Bottom right—parametric analysis: Adding trees at the entrance of the ventilation corridor. Display Full Size version of this image (16K) Fig. 11. Ventilation corridors as requested by the city planners. Fig. 9 presents the simulation results for the proposed design (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that cutting the building in 45ฐ at the exit of the business district, improves the ventilation in both the main green avenue and the residential neighborhood (bottom left). On the other hand, changing the plan of the middle tower from square to round deteriorates the microclimate conditions. Fig. 10 presents the simulation results for the proposed design according to the solar envelope section (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that the design according the solar envelope preserves also the wind rights. However, the wind velocity along the east–west pathway is too high, and should be reduced. Adding seven floors high buildings along the 36 m wide pathway, reduces the high velocity wind speed in this pathway, but also reduces a little bit the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood. Adding trees at the entrance to the ventilation corridors reduces the wind velocity inside the ventilation corridors, and also in the residential neighborhood. However, the wind pattern obtained is quite satisfactory (bottom right). 6. Summary and conclusions This work presents a case study in which, for the first time, the solar rights envelope was used in Israel for the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv, keeping solar rights in a high-density urban area. Using this solar envelope we could determine the maximum allowed heights of the buildings that ensure proper insolation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the new business district and the main green avenue. The requirement to build under the solar envelope is a prescriptive/descriptive approach. To protect both, the solar and wind rights, the solar envelope was created first, this envelope was then evaluated using a CFD technique to ensure the wind rights and tolerable winds inside the business district. From the many simulations performed (only few of them shown here) we found that it is not easy to use the prescriptive/descriptive approach, as was done in the solar rights requirement. Only for the determination of the geometry of the ventilation corridors to ensure wind rights, such an approach can be applied. However, for the wind control, a standard performance approach should be applied. This is because the winds pattern depends on the exact geometry of all buildings around. Changing the geometry of one building can influence the wind pattern around other buildings. Therefore, performance standards should be established, and the wind pattern around the building should be evaluated against these standards, by certified tools and users. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the fund for promotion of research at the Technion. Research Number 022.732, and 022.751. References 1. F. Arumi, Computer-aided energy design for buildings. In: D. Watson, Editor, Energy conservation through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979). 2. Shaviv E. Design tools for solar rights and sun-shades determination. Proceedings of the Ninth National Passive Solar Conference ASES, Boulder, CO, 1984. p. 14–9. 3. Wright R, Hoinkes R. Computational issues in urban design: developing a strategy for solar impact assessment. In: Flemming, Wyk, editors. CAAD futures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993. 4. Schiler M, Ueng-Fang P. Solvelope: an interactive computer program for defining and drawing solar envelopes. 18th National Passive Solar Conference-ASES, Washington, DC, 1993. 5. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997. p. 148–60. 6. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban fabric with solar rights consideration. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. p. 1341–7. 7. Kroner WM, Abrey D. From the sun's point of view. Proceedings of the 10th National Passive Solar Conference, Ralleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1985. 8. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. A Design tool for analyzing mutual shading between buildings, Solar energy, Vol. 52, No. 1. USA: Pergamon Press, 1994. p. 27–37. 9. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. Shading: analyzing mutual shading among buildings. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. 10. Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R. Sun, wind, and pedestrian comfort. A study of Toronto's central area. Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California at Berkeley and Center for Landscape Architecture Research, University of Toronto. The Department of Planning and Development, City of Toronto, 1991. 11. Shaviv E, Capeluto IG, Yezioro A. Solar rights in high density urban design. Research Proposal No. 022.732, Ministry of Housing, Israel, 2001. 12. HELIOS Climate Energy CAD and Architecture Ltd. Urban climatic design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. Internal Report, 2000 [ in Hebrew ]. 13. FLUENT Inc. Fluent user's guide. NH, USA: Fluent Inc., 1999. Corresponding author. Tel.: +972-4-829-4013; fax: +972-4-829-4617 Building and Environment Volume 38, Issue 6, June 2003, Pages 827-835
ปลาหมอไทย
(phrase) ทำตามกระแส, ทำตามเทรนด์, ทำตามคนอื่น, เกาะกระแส, โหนกระแส
Thai-English: NECTEC's Lexitron-2 Dictionary [with local updates] NECTEC Lexitron-2 Dictionary (TH-EN)
(n) climax, Syn. จุดสำคัญ, จุดสุดยอด, จุดไคลแมกซ์, Example:ก่อนที่จะไหลเข้าสู่ไคลแมกซ์ของเรื่อง ลองมาดูข้อมูลเบื้องต้นกันก่อน, Notes:(อังกฤษ)
(adj) building to a climax, See Also: becoming a climax, Example:ไม่มีใครคาดคิดว่าเรื่องนี้จะเป็นเรื่องหักมุม, Thai Definition:เกี่ยวกับการผิดแผกจากสิ่งที่ดำเนินมาตั้งแต่ต้น
(n) weather, See Also: climate, condition, Syn. ดินฟ้าอากาศ, อากาศ, Example:ลมฟ้าอากาศของประเทศร้อนย่อมมีอุณหภูมิและความชื้นของอากาศสูง
(n) climax, See Also: orgasm, Example:เพศหญิงจะถึงจุดสุดยอดได้นานกว่าเพศชาย 4-5 วินาที, Unit:จุด, Thai Definition:ความรู้สึกเสียวกระสันสูงสุดของอารมณ์ทางเพศ
(n) climate, See Also: weather conditions, atmospheric conditions, Syn. สภาพอากาศ, ดินฟ้าอากาศ, ลมฟ้าอากาศ, Example:ปรากฏการณ์เอลนิโนทำให้ภูมิอากาศในภาคอีสานเลวร้ายหนักเข้าไปอีก, Thai Definition:สภาพดินฟ้าอากาศโดยทั่วๆ ไป
(adv) climb up slowly, See Also: moving up or down in short steps or degrees, Example:เขาไต่แขย็กๆ ขึ้นไปบนต้นมะม่วงหวังจะเอามะม่วงพวงโตนั้นให้ได้, Thai Definition:อย่างที่ขยับขึ้นไปทีละน้อยๆ ช้าๆ
(v) be accustomed to, See Also: be familiar with, be used to, be acclimatized to, be conversant with, Syn. คุ้น, ชิน
(n) climax, See Also: culmination, Syn. จุดสำคัญ, Example:ตอนสำคัญของภาพยนตร์ส่วนใหญ่มักอยู่ในตอนท้ายของเรื่อง
(v) clamber, See Also: climb, Syn. ป่ายปีน, ตะเกียกตะกาย, Example:เจ้ากระต่ายน้อยหัดกระโดดได้ 2 - 3 ที ก็หกคะเมนคว่ำไปข้างหน้ามันต้องตะกุยตะกายลุกขึ้นมายืนและเริ่มกระโดดใหม่, Thai Definition:พยายามป่ายปีนให้พ้นอันตราย
(v) hike, See Also: climb, Example:เจ้าหน้าที่ของอุทยานแห่งชาติภูกระดึงได้รีบระดมกำลังร่วมกับเพื่อนนักศึกษาเคราะห์ร้าย ไต่เขาลงไปช่วยกันนำศพขึ้นมาได้สำเร็จ
(v) climb, See Also: climb up the wood, Example:หางนกบางชนิดแข็งมาก ใช้ช่วยค้ำจุนขณะไต่ไม้ ต้นไม้เพื่อหาอาหาร
(n) vine, See Also: creeping plant, climber, liana, Syn. พรรณไม้เลื้อย, Example:พืชชนิดนี้มีลักษณะคล้ายเถาวัลย์, Thai Definition:พรรณไม้ที่เป็นเถา
(v) sprout, See Also: climb on the earth, Syn. เลื้อย, Example:เถาฟักทองทอดยอดไปยาว, Thai Definition:เลื้อยไป
(n) Tinospora cordifolia, See Also: species of climber, Example:เด็กๆ ถูกครูทำโทษโดยให้อมบอระเพ็ด, Unit:ต้น, Thai Definition:ชื่อไม้เถาชนิด Tinospora crispa Miers ในวงศ์ Menispermaceae เถาเป็นตุ่ม รสขม ใช้ทำยาได้
(n) Allamanda cathartica, See Also: cathartica, a flowering plant, Allamanda catharteca, willow-leaved climber, Syn. บานบุรีเหลือง, ต้นบานบุรี, Example:ที่รั้วข้างมหาวิทยาลัยมีต้นบานบุรีออกดอกสีเหลืองเป็นแถวไปตลอด, Unit:ต้น, ดอก, Thai Definition:ไม้พุ่มรอเลื้อยชนิด Allamanda cathartica Linn. ในวงศ์ Apocynaceae ลำต้นแข็ง ปลายกิ่งอ่อนโค้ง ดอกสีเหลืองสด
(n) flower bearing no fruit, See Also: anther of climbing plant, Syn. ดอกถวายพระ, Unit:ดอก, Thai Definition:ดอกไม้ตัวผู้ของพรรณไม้เลื้อย
(n) climate, See Also: weather, Syn. อากาศ, สภาพอากาศ, ภูมิอากาศ, ลมฟ้าอากาศ, Example:กรมอุตุนิยมเป็นกรมที่มีหน้าที่ในการพยากรณ์ดินฟ้าอากาศในแต่ละวัน
(v) climb to, See Also: improve, make oneself better, Syn. ไต่เต้า, Example:แม็คโครจะต้องปรับตัวให้มีสมรรถนะเหนือคู่แข่งและถีบตัวขึ้นไปเรื่อยๆ, Thai Definition:พยายามเลื่อนฐานะขึ้น
Thai-English-French: Volubilis Dictionary 1.0 Volubilis Dictionary (TH-EN-FR)
[aē] (n, exp) EN: air conditioner ; air conditioning FR: air conditionné [ m ] ; airco [ m ] ; climatisation [ f ]
[ākāt] (n) EN: weather ; climate FR: temps [ m ] ; météo [ f ] ; climat [ m ]
[ākāt nāo] (n, exp) EN: cold weather FR: il fait froid ; temps froid [ m ] ; climat froid [ m ]
[akāt tām reudūkān] (n, exp) EN: climate
[chin] (v, exp) EN: be accustomed to ; be used to ; get used to ; be familiar with ; be acclimatized to ; accustom ; be conversant with FR: être habitué à ; être accoutumé de
[dinfā-akāt] (n) EN: climate ; weather ; elements FR: temps [ m ] ; climat [ m ] ; éléments (climatiques) [ mpl ]
[døngdeung] (n, exp) EN: Climbing lily ; Glory lily ; Creeping lily
[dongdip] (n, exp) EN: virgin forest ; primary forest ; climax forest FR: forêt vierge [ f ]
[jut khlaimaēk] (n, exp) EN: climax
[jut sutyøt] (n, exp) EN: climax ; peak
[kān pīn khao] (n, exp) EN: mountain climbing FR: alpinisme [ m ] ; escalade [ m ]
[kān plīenplaēng saphāpphūmīakāt] (n, exp) EN: climate change FR: changement climatique [ m ]
[kān tai khao] (n, exp) EN: mountain climbing FR: alpinisme [ m ] ; escalade [ m ]
[kheun] (v) EN: go up ; rise ; ascend ; mount ; climb FR: monter ; gravir
[kheun bandai] (v, exp) EN: go up the stairs ; go upstairs ; mount the stairs ; climb a ladder FR: monter l'escalier ; gravir les marches ; monter à l'échelle
[khoēi] (x) EN: be used to ; be accustomed ; be familiar with ; be acclimatized to ; be conversant with FR: avoir l'habitude de ; être habitué à ; avoir déjà ; être accoutumé
[khreūa] (n) EN: vine ; creeper ; climber ; liana ; slender stem of a climbing plant
[khreūadin] (n) EN: climbing plant
[khreūang prap-ākāt] (n) EN: air conditioner = air-conditioner FR: climatiseur [ m ] ; conditionneur (d'air) [ m ] ; appareil de climatisation [ m ]
[kradum thøng leūay] (n, exp) EN: Climbing wedelia ; Creeping daisy ; Singapore daisy
[leūay] (v) EN: climb ; clim up FR: grimper
[lom fā ākāt] (n, exp) EN: weather ; climate FR: temps [ m ]
[lom khā] (n, exp) EN: trade wind FR: climat des affaires [ m ]
[māi leūay] (n, exp) EN: climber ; trailer ; creeper ; vine ; rambler ; clematis FR: plante grimpante [ f ]
[māi rōleūay] (n) EN: scandent ; climbing plant FR: plante grimpante [ f ]
[nak pīn khao] (n, exp) EN: mountaineer ; mountain climber FR: alpiniste [ m ]
[nak tai khao] (n, exp) EN: mountaineer ; mountain climber FR: alpiniste [ m ]
[ngūang] (n) EN: tendril of a climbing plant
[pādongdip] (n) EN: primary forest ; climax forest ; tropical rain forest FR: forêt primaire [ f ]
[pāi] (v) EN: climb ; clamber FR: grimper ; gravir
[phāwa lōk røn] (n, exp) EN: global warming FR: réchauffement climatique [ m ] ; réchauffement global [ m ]
[phāwa phūmīakāt plīenplaēng] (n, exp) EN: climate change FR: changement climatique [ m ]
[pheūt māi leūay] (n, exp) EN: climbing plant ; climber FR: plante grimpante [ f ]
[phit akāt] (v, exp) EN: react badly to a change of weather ; be not acclimatized to the climate
[phūmīakāt] (n) EN: climate ; weather ; atmospheric conditions FR: climat [ f ] ; temps [ m ] ; conditions atmosphériques [ fpl ]
[pīn] (v) EN: climb ; scale ; clamber FR: grimper ; escalader ; gravir
[pīn khao] (v, exp) EN: clim a mountain FR: escalader une montagne
[pīnpāi] (v) EN: climb ; clamber FR: grimper ; escalader
[pīn ton māi] (v, exp) EN: climb up a tree FR: grimper aux arbres
[plā mø] (n) EN: climbing perch ; anabas
[prap-akāt] (v) EN: air-condition ; regulate the room temperature ; apply air-conditioning FR: climatiser
[prap-akāt] (adj) EN: air-conditioned FR: climatisé
[praptūa] (v) EN: adapt ; acclimate ; adjust oneself FR: s'adapter ; s'accommoder ; obéir aux circonstances
[praptūa hai chin kap ākāt] (v, exp) EN: acclimate ; adjust oneself to the weather FR: s'acclimater
[saphāp ākāt] (n, exp) EN: weather ; climate FR: climat [ m ]
[tai] (v) EN: climb ; crawl ; creep ; scale ; clamber FR: grimper ; escalader ; gravir ; ramper
[tai khao] (v, exp) EN: hike ; climb ; climb up a mountain FR: grimper ; escalader
[takuitakāi] (v) EN: clamber ; climb
[thao] (n) EN: climber ; vine ; liana FR: plante grimpante [ f ] ; tige ligneuse [ f ]
[thaowan] (n) EN: liana ; climber ; wine FR: liane [ f ]
ตัวอย่างประโยคจาก Tanaka JP-EN Corpus ตัวอย่างประโยคจาก Tanaka JP-EN Corpus
WordNet (3.0) WordNet (3.0)
(n) adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment), Syn. acclimatisation, acclimation
(v) get used to a certain climate, Syn. acclimatise, acclimate, Example:They never acclimatized in Egypt
(adj) of or relating to a sudden change from an impressive to a ludicrous style, Syn. anticlimactical
(adj) coming after the climax especially of a dramatic or narrative plot, Ant. climactic, Example:everything after the discovery of the murderer was anticlimactic
(n) a disappointing decline after a previous rise, Example:the anticlimax of a brilliant career
(adj) of or concerned with the relations of climate and living organisms
(n) the study of effects of climate on living organisms
(n) a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause
(n) the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time, Syn. clime, Example:the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
(n) the prevailing psychological state, Syn. mood, Example:the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election
(adv) with respect to climate, Example:they were used to a climatically different environment
(n) any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude
(n) someone who is expert in climatology
(n) meteorology of climates and their phenomena
(n) the highest point of anything conceived of as growing or developing or unfolding, Syn. flood tide, Example:the climax of the artist's career; in the flood tide of his success
(n) the decisive moment in a novel or play, Syn. culmination, Example:the deathbed scene is the climax of the play
(n) the most severe stage of a disease
(n) arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness
(v) go upward with gradual or continuous progress, See Also: climb on, climb down, Syn. climb up, go up, mount, Example:Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
(v) move with difficulty, by grasping
(v) slope upward, Example:The path climbed all the way to the top of the hill
(v) improve one's social status, Example:This young man knows how to climb the social ladder
(n) a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants
(n) someone who climbs as a sport; especially someone who climbs mountains, Example:the lead climber looked strong still but his partner often slumped in his ropes
(n) annual vine with decompound leaves and racemes of yellow and pink flowers, Syn. Fumaria claviculata, Corydalis claviculata
(n) any of several ferns of the genus Lygodium that climb by twining
(n) a framework of bars or logs for children to climb on
(n) vine with feathery leaves and white or pinkish flowers; sometimes placed in genus Fumaria, Syn. Fumaria fungosa, Adlumia fungosa, Allegheny vine
(n) herb of tropical America having vanilla-scented flowers; climbs up trees, Syn. climbing boneset, wild climbing hempweed, climbing hemp-vine, Mikania scandens
(n) climbing shrub with adhesive aerial roots having opposite leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymes; Himalayas to Taiwan and Japan, Syn. Schizophragma hydrangeoides
(n) deciduous climber with aerial roots having white to creamy flowers in fairly flat heads, Syn. Hydrangea anomala
(n) tropical fern widespread in Old World; naturalized in Jamaica and Florida, Syn. snake fern, Lygodium microphyllum, climbing maidenhair fern
(n) much-branched leafless twining South African herb cultivated as an ornamental for its bright green stems growing from large aboveground bulbs, Syn. Bowiea volubilis
(n) a small perch of India whose gills are modified to allow it to breathe air; has spiny pectoral fins that enable it to travel on land, Syn. A. testudineus, Anabas testudineus
(n) any of several North American salamanders adapted for climbing with well-developed limbs and long somewhat squared-off toes
(n) the sport or pastime of scaling rock masses on mountain sides (especially with the help of ropes and special equipment)
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English (GCIDE) v.0.53 Collaborative International Dictionary (GCIDE)
a. Capable of being acclimated. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate. ] Acclimatization. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t.
n. Acclimation. [ R. ] [ 1913 Webster ]
n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Capable of being acclimatized. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t.
n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [ R. ] Caldwell. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; -- the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example:
Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl of Mar. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ L., fr. Gr. &unr_;, prop., round of a ladder, fr. &unr_; ladder: cf. F. climactère. See Climax. ] See Climacteric, n. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. [ L. climactericus, Gr. &unr_;. See Climacter. ] Relating to a climacteric; critical. [ 1913 Webster ]
n.
It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world. Southey. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. & n. See Climacteric. Evelyn. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Of or pertaining to a climax; forming, or of the nature of, a climax, or ascending series.
A fourth kind of parallelism . . . is still sufficiently marked to be noticed by the side of those described by Lowth, viz., climactic parallelism (sometimes called “ascending rhythm”). S. R. Driver. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]
a. Climatic. Dunglison. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. [ Climate + Gr. &unr_; to rule. ] Presiding over, or regulating, climates. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. &unr_;, &unr_;, slope, the supposed slope of the earth (from the equator toward the pole), hence a region or zone of the earth, fr. &unr_; to slope, incline, akin to E. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime. ]
v. i. To dwell. [ Poetic ] Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Climatic. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. & i.
n. [ Climate + -graphy. ] A description of climates. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Of or pertaining to climatology. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. One versed in, or who studies, climatology. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie. ] The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ Cf. F. climature. ] A climate. [ Obs. ] Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. [ L., from Gr. &unr_; ladder, staircase, fr. &unr_; to make to bend, to lean. See Ladder, Lean, v. i. ]
“Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope” -- a happy climax. J. D. Forbes. [ 1913 Webster ]
We must look higher for the climax of earthly good. I. Taylor. [ 1913 Webster ]
To cap the climax,
v. i.
Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton. [ 1913 Webster ]
a. Capable of being climbed. [ 1913 Webster ]
n.
Grand climacteric
Great climacteric
I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics. Burke. [ 1913 Webster ]
n. One who, or that which, climbs:
v. i. [ From Climb; cf. Clamber. ] To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [ Obs. ] Tusser. [ 1913 Webster ]
p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb. [ 1913 Webster ]
Climbing fern.
Climbing perch. (Zool.)
n. [ L. clima. See Climate. ] A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. [ 1913 Webster ]
Turn we to sutvey,
Where rougher climes a nobler race display. Goldsmith. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. To climb beyond; to surpass in climbing. Davenant. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. To climb over. Surrey. [ 1913 Webster ]
v. t. & i. To climb up; to ascend. [ 1913 Webster ]
Upclomb the shadowy pine above the woven copse. Tennyson. [ 1913 Webster ]
Japanese-Thai-English: Saikam Dictionary Saikam JP-TH-EN Dictionary
乗り越える
[のりこえる, norikoeru] TH: ข้าม
乗り越える
[のりこえる, norikoeru] EN: to climb over
Japanese-English: EDICT Dictionary EDICT JP-EN Dictionary
[やま, yama] (n, ctr) (1) mountain; hill; (2) mine (e.g. coal mine); (3) heap; pile; (n) (4) crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw); tread (of a tire); (5) climax; peak; critical point; (6) guess; speculation; (7) (used by policemen, crime reporters, etc.) criminal case; crime; (8) (See 山鉾) festival float (esp. one mounted with a decorative halberd); (n-pref) (9) wild; (P) #606
[ひとけ, hitoke] (n) prevailing mood of a locality; emotional climate of a district #1326
[きょく, kyoku] (n) (1) pole; (2) climax; extreme; extremity; culmination; height; zenith; nadir #3696
[じょうしょう, joushou] (n, vs, adj-no) rising; ascending; climbing; (P) #3699
[のぼり, nobori] (n) (1) ascent; climbing; ascending (path); climb; (2) (上り only) (See 上り列車) up-train (e.g. going to Tokyo); (n, adj-no) (3) northward (towards Tokyo); (P) #3708
[きしょう, kishou] (n, adj-no) (1) (See 天気・1) weather; climate; (n) (2) (obsc) (See 気性) disposition; temperament; (P) #3865
[きこう, kikou] (n) climate; (P) #4050
[とざん, tozan] (n, vs) mountain climbing; (P) #5109
[とうほん, touhon] (n) climbing trees; liana #5151
[ふどき;ふうどき, fudoki ; fuudoki] (n) description of regional climate, culture, etc. #7487
[kuraimakkusu] (n) climax; (P) #9888
[しゅっせ, shusse] (n, vs) success in life; getting ahead; successful career; promotion; climbing the corporate ladder; eminence; (P) #11754
[とうちょう, touchou] (n, vs) climbing to the summit; (P) #13570
[ぜっちょう, zecchou] (n, adj-no) summit; peak; climax; (P) #13874
[のぼる, noboru] (v5r, vi) (1) to ascend; to go up; to climb; (2) (usu. 昇る) to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the sun); to rise; (3) to go to (the capital); (4) to be promoted; (5) to add up to; (6) to advance (in price); (7) to swim up (a river); to sail up; (8) to come up (on the agenda); (P) #16538
[はくねつ, hakunetsu] (n, vs, adj-no) (1) white heat; incandescence; (2) climax; (P) #18356
[かざぐるま;ふうしゃ;カザグルマ, kazaguruma ; fuusha ; kazaguruma] (n) (1) (かざぐるま only) pinwheel (toy); windmill (toy); (2) windmill; (3) (かざぐるま, カザグルマ only) (uk) Clematis patens (species of climbing plant) #18582
[ふうど, fuudo] (n) natural features; topography; climate; spiritual features; (P) #19609
[アイピーシーシー, aipi-shi-shi-] (n) (See 気候変動に関する政府間パネル) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC
[urizun] (n) climate of the third month of the lunar calendar in Okinawa (end of the dry season); early summer
[つるしょくぶつ, tsurushokubutsu] (n, adj-no) creeper (creeping plant); trailer (trailing plant); climber (climbing plant); vine
[よじのぼる, yojinoboru] (v5r, vi) to climb; to clamber (over, up); to scramble (up); to scale; to claw one's way up
[aisukuraimingu] (n) ice climbing
[aizen] (n) metal pins of climbing shoes (ger
[anchikuraimakkusu] (n) anticlimax
[kamin] (n) (See チムニー) chimney (narrow cleft used to climb a rock face) (ger
[ganbi-ru] (n) gambir (species of climbing plant, Uncaria gambir) (dut
[kyarabanshu-zu] (n) light mountain-climbing shoes (wasei
[kutenopoma] (n) climbing gourami (of genus Ctenopoma or Microctenopoma) (lat
[クテノポマぞく, kutenopoma zoku] (n) Ctenopoma (genus of freshwater climbing gouramies with terrestrial locomotion ability in the family Anabantidae)
[kuraima-] (n) climber
[kuraimingu] (n) climbing; (P)
[kuraimogurafu] (n) climograph
[kurimogurafu] (n) climograph
[zairu] (n) climbing rope (i.e. for mountaineering) (ger
[ha-ken] (n) (1) piton (metal support peg used when climbing) (ger
[hirukuraimu] (n) hill climb
[piton] (n) (See ハーケン) piton (metal support peg used when climbing) (fre
[furi-kuraimingu] (n) free climbing
[モンスーンきこう, monsu-n kikou] (n) monsoon climate
[yarappa] (n) jalap (species of Mexican climbing plant, Ipomoea purga) (spa
[rokkukuraimingu] (n) rock-climbing
[あかんたいきこう, akantaikikou] (n) subarctic climate
[あねったいきこう, anettaikikou] (n) subtropical climate
[いちごうめ, ichigoume] (n) the start of a climb up a hill
[かきょう, kakyou] (n) climax (story); best part; most interesting part; (P)
[なつやま, natsuyama] (n) (1) summery mountain; (2) mountain that is often climbed in summer
[かいがんきこう, kaigankikou] (n) coastal climate; littoral climate
[かいようきしょう, kaiyoukishou] (n) oceanic climate
[かいようせいきこう, kaiyouseikikou] (n) oceanic climate
German-English: TU-Chemnitz DING Dictionary DING DE-EN Dictionary
Akklimatisierung { f }
acclimatization; acclimation
(sozialer) Aufsteiger { m }
social climber
Aufstieg { m }
way up; climb up
Bauklimatik { f }
building climate control
Bergschuh { m }
climbing boot; mountaineering boot
Bergsteiger { m }; Bergsteigerin { f }
mountaineer; climber
Betriebsklima { n }; Arbeitsklima { n }; Arbeitsatmosphäre { f }
work climate; working atmosphere
Gegend { f }
clime
Gegensatz { m } | Gegensätze { pl }
anticlimax | anticlimaxes
Geschäftsklima { n }
business climate
Höhepunkt { m }; Klimax { f } | Höhepunkte { pl } | Höhepunkt erreichend | erreichte einen Höhepunkt
climax | climaxes | climaxing | climaxed
Klettern { n }; Bergsteigen { n }
climbing
Kletterpflanze { f }; Schlingpflanze { f } [ bot. ]
climber
Kletterstange { f }
climbing pole
Klima { n } | mildes Klima
climate | bland climate
das öffentliche Klima; Stimmung { f } in der Öffentlichkeit
the climate of public opinion
Klimaforschung { f }
climate research
Klimakammer { f }
climatic chamber; environmental chamber
Klimaschockschrank { m }
climatic shock testing cabinet
Klimaschrank { m }
climatic exposure test cabinet; climatic chamber; air handler
Klimaschutz { m }
climate protection
Klimatestraum { m }
climatic test room
Klimatologie { f }
climatology
Klimaüberwachung { f }
climate observation
Klimawandel { m }; Klimaveränderung { f }
climate change; climatic change
Klimazone { f } | verschiedene Klimazonen
climate zone | different climates
Leiter { f }; Aufstieg { m } | Leitern { pl } | auf eine Leiter steigen
ladder | ladders | to climb a ladder
Makroklima { n }
macroclimate
Schlinggewächs { n }
climbing plant
Steigfähigkeit { f }
climbing power
Steigflug { m }
climb; ascent
Steiggeschwindigkeit { f }
rate of ascent; rate of climb
Treppensteigen { n }
climbing stairs
akklimatisieren | akklimatisierend | akklimatisiert | akklimatisiert | akklimatisierte
to acclimatize | acclimatizing | acclimatized | acclimatizes | acclimatized
(sich) akklimatisieren (an)
to acclimate (to)
anpassen
to acclimatize
antiklimaktisch { adj }
anticlimactic
antiklimaktisch { adv }
anticlimactically
auf { prp; wohin? +Akkusativ } | sich auf einen Stuhl setzen | auf einen Berg steigen | auf einen Lehrgang gehen
on; onto | to sit down on a chair | to climb up a mountain | to go on a course
besteigt; erklettert
climbs
bestiegen; erklettert
climbed
mit einsteigen; sich einer erfolgversprechenden Sache anschließen
to climb on the bandwagon
in der Gesellschaft emporkommen
to climb up the social ladder
erkletterbar
climbable
gemäßigt { adj } | gemäßigte Klimazone
temperate | temperate climate zone
gewöhnen | gewöhnend
to acclimate | acclimating
gewöhnt
acclimates
gewöhnte
acclimated
herabgestiegen
climbed down
herabsteigen | herabsteigend
to climb down | climbing down
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