| 欧化 | [おうか, ouka] (n, vs) Europeanization; Europeanisation; Westernization; Westernisation [Add to Longdo] |
| 西欧化 | [せいおうか, seiouka] (n, vs) westernization; westernisation [Add to Longdo] |
| 西洋化 | [せいようか, seiyouka] (n, vs) westernization; westernisation [Add to Longdo] |
| 文明開化 | [ぶんめいかいか, bunmeikaika] (n) Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation) [Add to Longdo] |