From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
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2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
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Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
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3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
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{Angle of refraction} (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
{Conical refraction} (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
{Differential refraction} (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
{Double refraction} (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
{Index of refraction}. See under {Index}.
{Refraction circle} (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
{Refraction of latitude}, {longitude}, {declination}, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
{Terrestrial refraction}, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
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From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Declination \Dec`li*na"tion\, n. [L. declinatio a bending aside,
an avoiding: cf. F. d['e]clination a decadence. See
{Declension}.]
1. The act or state of bending downward; inclination; as,
declination of the head.
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2. The act or state of falling off or declining from
excellence or perfection; deterioration; decay; decline.
"The declination of monarchy." --Bacon.
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Summer . . . is not looked on as a time
Of declination or decay. --Waller.
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3. The act of deviating or turning aside; oblique motion;
obliquity; withdrawal.
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The declination of atoms in their descent.
--Bentley.
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Every declination and violation of the rules.
--South.
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4. The act or state of declining or refusing; withdrawal;
refusal; averseness.
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The queen's declination from marriage. --Stow.
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5. (Astron.) The angular distance of any object from the
celestial equator, either northward or southward.
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6. (Dialing) The arc of the horizon, contained between the
vertical plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned
from the east or west, or between the meridian and the
plane, reckoned from the north or south.
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7. (Gram.) The act of inflecting a word; declension. See
{Decline}, v. t., 4.
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{Angle of declination}, the angle made by a descending line,
or plane, with a horizontal plane.
{Circle of declination}, a circle parallel to the celestial
equator.
{Declination compass} (Physics), a compass arranged for
finding the declination of the magnetic needle.
{Declination of the compass} or {Declination of the needle},
the horizontal angle which the magnetic needle makes with
the true north-and-south line.
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From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
declination
n 1: a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual
falling off from a better state [syn: {decline},
{declination}] [ant: {improvement}, {melioration}]
2: a downward slope or bend [syn: {descent}, {declivity},
{fall}, {decline}, {declination}, {declension}, {downslope}]
[ant: {acclivity}, {ascent}, {climb}, {raise}, {rise},
{upgrade}]
3: (astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial body north or
to the south of the celestial equator; expressed in degrees;
used with right ascension to specify positions on the
celestial sphere [syn: {declination}, {celestial latitude},
{dec}]
4: a polite refusal of an invitation [syn: {declination},
{regrets}]
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