Result from Foreign Dictionaries (4 entries found)

From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]: Photosynthesis \Pho`to*syn"the*sis\, n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism in which green plants utilize the energy of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. It was formerly called {assimilation}, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. -- {Pho`to*syn*thet"ic}, a. -- {Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly}, adv. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] Note: In green plants water is absorbed by the roots and carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the stomata and diffuses to the cells containing chlorophyll. The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when needed. The initial process in photosynthesis is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen, which is released, and hydrogen; direct light is required for this process. The hydrogen and the carbon and oxygen of carbon dioxide (CO2) are then converted into a series of increasingly complex compounds that result finally in a stable organic compound, glucose (C6H12O6 ), and water. This phase of photosynthesis utilizes stored energy and therefore can proceed in the dark. The simplified equation used to represent this overall process is 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2 O. In general, the results of this process are the reverse of those in respiration, in which carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy, with the production of carbon dioxide and water. The intermediary reactions before glucose is formed involve several enzymes, which react with the coenzyme ATP (see adenosine triphosphate ) to produce various molecules. Studies using radioactive carbon have indicated that among the intermediate products are three-carbon molecules from which acids and amino acids, as well as glucose, are derived. --http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860378.html Note: The role of chlorophyll Chlorophyll contains a hydrophyllic head group and a hydrophobic tail region. A magnesium atom is held in the center of a cyclic, conjugated double bond porphyrin ring which is responsible for absorbing red light. (There also is an absorption band in the blue. Thus red and blue are absorbed and green passes through, giving plants a characteristic green color.) Light is absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules, then transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls. Some hundreds of antenna chlorophyll molecules transfer energy to a reaction center, with transfer times of about 10-10 sec from the edge of the unit to the center. The energy from light is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Flow of H+ back into the stroma releases energy which is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic coupling is working here in a similar way to the mechanism of ATP generation used in mitochondria. Carbon Fixation Carbon fixation is catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase), the world's most abundent enzyme. The { Calvin cycle} combines three carbon dioxide molecules into one molecule of three carbon glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Some plants, particularly many which live in hot, dry climates, have a mechanism for storing carbon dioxide by combining it with a three carbon molecule to form a four carbon molecule. This pathway is known as the C4 or Hatch-Slack pathway. --http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Tom/bil255/bil255sum98/17_photo.html [PJC] Phototaxis From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]: Assimilation \As*sim`i*la"tion\, n. [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also, the state of being so assimilated; as, the assimilation of one sound to another. [1913 Webster] To aspire to an assimilation with God. --Dr. H. More. [1913 Webster] The assimilation of gases and vapors. --Sir J. Herschel. [1913 Webster] 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. [1913 Webster] Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation. --Sir T. Browne. [1913 Webster] Note: The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs. [1913 Webster] From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]: assimilation n 1: the state of being assimilated; people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family 2: the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another [syn: {assimilation}, {absorption}] 3: the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion [syn: {assimilation}, {absorption}] 4: a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound 5: the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure [syn: {acculturation}, {assimilation}] 6: in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance From French-English FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.3.4 [fd-fra-eng]: assimilation /asimilasjɔ̃/ assimilation